Deep Characterization of the Human Antibody Response to Natural Infection Using Longitudinal Immune Repertoire Sequencing.

Human antibody response studies are largely restricted to periods of high immune activity ( vaccination). To comprehensively understand the healthy B cell immune repertoire and how this changes over time and through natural infection, we conducted immune repertoire RNA sequencing on flow cytometry-sorted B cell subsets to profile a single individual's antibodies over 11 months through two periods of natural viral infection. We found that 1) a baseline of healthy variable (V) gene usage in antibodies exists and is stable over time, but antibodies in memory cells consistently have a different usage profile relative to earlier B cell stages; 2) a single complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) is potentially generated from more than one VJ gene combination; and 3) IgG and IgA antibody transcripts are found at low levels in early human B cell development, suggesting that class switching may occur earlier than previously realized.

Syrbactin class proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis and autophagy occurs in association with p53 accumulation and Akt/PKB activation in neuroblastoma.

Syrbactins belong to a new class of proteasome inhibitors which include syringolins and glidobactins. These small molecules are structurally distinct from other, well-established proteasome inhibitors, and bind the eukaryotic 20S proteasome by a novel mechanism. In this study, we examined the effects of syringolin A (SylA) and glidobactin A (GlbA) as well as two synthetic SylA-analogs (SylA-PEG and SylA-LIP) in human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH), human multiple myeloma (MM1.

Sudden death due to nontraumatic diaphragmatic hernia in an adult.

Sudden death in an adult due to an undiagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a very rare occurrence. The majority of adults who experience discomfort related to their condition have experienced some kind of trauma prior to symptom manifestation; however, there can be the cases that are exceptions to a medical trend. In the following, we present a case of an adult female who died from an undiagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia without any prior traumatic event or significant medical history.

Cracking the code: a decode strategy for the international business machines punch cards of Korean war soldiers.

During the Korean War, International Business Machines (IBM) punch cards were created for every individual involved in military combat. Each card contained all pertinent personal information about the individual and was utilized to keep track of all soldiers involved. However, at present, all of the information known about these punch cards reveals only their format and their significance; there is little to no information on how these cards were created or how to interpret the information contained without the aid of the computer system used during the war.