Sex-Specific Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Treatment in Females With T2DM and CVD: Developments and Knowledge Gaps.

Purpose: There are large disparities in the impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and outcomes by sex and gender. Achieving health equity requires understanding risks and medication efficacy in female patients, especially now, as novel pharmacologic treatments are transforming the diabetes and CVD treatment landscape. This review examines 2 bodies of research that can inform sex differences in CVD in patients with diabetes: female-specific risk factors for CVD and sex-related limitations of clinical trial research in evaluating novel diabetes and CVD treatments.

Associations of empirically derived dietary patterns and cognitive performance in older men: Results of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine associations between empirically derived dietary pattern scores and cognition, as well as risk of cognitive decline, over an average of 4.6 (± 0.3) years in older men.

Racial differences in measures of glycemia in the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial.

Introduction: Understanding how race may influence the association between A1c and glycemia can improve diabetes screening. We sought to determine whether, for a given A1c level, glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) differed by race.

Research Design And Methods: From data collected at 22 US clinical sites, we conducted a cross-sectional study of concurrently measured A1c and OGTT and observational longitudinal follow-up of the subset with high-risk pre-diabetes.

Untargeted serum metabolomic profiles and breast density in young women.

Purpose Of The Study: Breast density is an established risk factor for breast cancer. However, little is known about metabolic influences on breast density phenotypes. We conducted untargeted serum metabolomics analyses to identify metabolic signatures associated with breast density phenotypes among young women.

Association of Later-Life Weight Changes With Survival to Ages 90, 95, and 100: The Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Associations of weight changes and intentionality of weight loss with longevity are not well described.

Methods: Using longitudinal data from the Women's Health Initiative (N = 54 437; 61-81 years), we examined associations of weight changes and intentionality of weight loss with survival to ages 90, 95, and 100. Weight was measured at baseline, year 3, and year 10, and participants were classified as having weight loss (≥5% decrease from baseline), weight gain (≥5% increase from baseline), or stable weight (<5% change from baseline).

Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women.

Background: Although gestational diabetes mellitus and delivering high-birthweight infants are known to predict a higher risk of future type 2 diabetes mellitus, the association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and other adverse pregnancy outcomes with type 2 diabetes mellitus is not well established.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the associations between different types of adverse pregnancy outcomes and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus among postmenopausal women.

Study Design: The Women's Health Initiative, a nationwide cohort of postmenopausal women, collected self-reported history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, and delivering low- birthweight (<2500 g) or high-birthweight (>4500 g) infants.

Effect of vitamin D on regression to normal glucose regulation and individual glycemic measures: A secondary analysis among participants adherent to the trial protocol in the randomized clinical trial vitamin D and type 2 diabetes (D2d) study.

Aims: To examine the effect of vitamin D on regression to normal glucose regulation (NGR) and individual glycemic measures in the D2d study.

Methods: In per-protocol analyses, we examined time to new-onset diabetes; time to new-onset NGR defined as first occurrence of: 2-or-3 glycemic criteria in the normal range (NGR-1) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour post-load-glucose (2hPG) in the normal range (NGR-2); proportion meeting NGR at the last study visit; and change in FPG, 2hPG, and HbA1c.

Results: Among 2423 participants, hazard ratio [HR] for diabetes was 0.

New-Onset Diabetes After COVID-19.

There is evidence suggesting that infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to several long-term sequelae including diabetes. This mini-review examines the rapidly evolving and conflicting literature on new-onset diabetes after COVID-19, which we term NODAC. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and medRxiv from inception until December 1, 2022, using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and free text words including "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "diabetes," "hyperglycemia," "insulin resistance," and "pancreatic β-cell.

Associations of maternal preterm birth with subsequent risk for type 2 diabetes in women from the women's health initiative.

Preterm birth has been associated with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, a hallmark characteristic of type 2 diabetes. However, studies investigating the relationship between a personal history of being born preterm and type 2 diabetes are sparse. We sought to investigate the potential association between a personal history of being born preterm and risk for type 2 diabetes in a racially and ethnically diverse population.

Effect of intratrial mean 25(OH)D concentration on diabetes risk, by race and weight: an ancillary analysis in the D2d study.

Background: Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. 25(OH)D varies due to skin pigmentation and weight.

Objectives: This analysis aims to determine whether the effect of vitamin D differs among people of color and those with overweight/obesity (who have higher diabetes risk) compared with individuals who are White or have normal weight.

A comparison of associations of body mass index and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measured percentage fat and total fat with global serum metabolites in young women.

Objective: Body mass index (BMI) does not directly measure adiposity, whereas dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides valid direct estimates of adiposity. Therefore, this study evaluated usefulness of BMI as a measure of adiposity in serum metabolomics studies.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 202 women aged 25 to 29 years in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children Follow-Up Study.

Childhood adiposity, serum metabolites and breast density in young women.

Background: Childhood adiposity is inversely associated with young adult percent dense breast volume (%DBV) and absolute dense breast volume (ADBV), which could contribute to its protective effect for breast cancer later in life. The objective of this study was to identify metabolites in childhood serum that may mediate the inverse association between childhood adiposity and young adult breast density.

Methods: Longitudinal data from 182 female participants in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) and the DISC 2006 (DISC06) Follow-Up Study were analyzed.

Prepare randomized clinical trial: Acceptability, engagement, and lifestyle effects of a weight loss intervention beginning in pre-pregnancy.

Background: Healthier lifestyles in early pregnancy are associated with lower rates of pregnancy complications, childhood adiposity, and maternal and child cardiovascular risks. However, it is not known whether lifestyle coaching initiated prior to pregnancy can affect behavior and attitudes during pregnancy.

Methods: Three hundred and twenty six women planning pregnancy within 2 years with BMI ≥27 kg/m were randomized to a behavioral weight loss intervention or to usual care.

Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance: Of youths diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, many develop microvascular complications by young adulthood.

Objective: To review the evidence on benefits and harms of screening children and adolescents for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF).

Data Sources: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and trial registries through May 3, 2021; references; experts; literature surveillance through July 22, 2022.

Dietary Protein Sources, Mediating Biomarkers, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From the Women's Health Initiative and the UK Biobank.

Objective: Whether and how dietary protein intake is linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of protein intake with development of T2D and the potential mediating roles of T2D biomarkers.

Research Design And Methods: We included 108,681 postmenopausal women without T2D at baseline from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) (primary cohort) and 34,616 adults without T2D from the U.

Cumulative Endogenous Estrogen Exposure Is Associated With Postmenopausal Fracture Risk: The Women's Health Initiative Study.

We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure and fracture risk in 150,682 postmenopausal women (aged 50 to 79 years at baseline) who participated in the Women's Health Initiative. We hypothesized that characteristics indicating lower cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure would be associated with increased fracture risk. We determined ages at menarche and menopause as well as history of irregular menses from baseline questionnaires and calculated years of endogenous estrogen exposure from ages at menarche and menopause.

The relationship between sleep and weight change among women diagnosed with breast cancer participating in the Women's Health Initiative.

Purpose: Short and long sleep duration and poor sleep quality are risk factors for weight gain and cancer mortality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between sleep and weight change among postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.

Methods: Women participating in the Women's Health Initiative who were diagnosed with incident breast cancer between year one and year three were included.

Proinflammatory and Hyperinsulinemic Dietary Patterns Are Associated With Specific Profiles of Biomarkers Predictive of Chronic Inflammation, Glucose-Insulin Dysregulation, and Dyslipidemia in Postmenopausal Women.

Dietary patterns promoting hyperinsulinemia and chronic inflammation, including the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) and empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP), have been shown to strongly influence risk of weight gain, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. EDIH was developed using plasma C-peptide, whereas EDIP was based on plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2 (TNF-αR2). We investigated whether these dietary patterns were associated with a broader range of relevant biomarkers not previously tested.

Counseling and Behavioral Interventions for Healthy Weight and Weight Gain in Pregnancy: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance: Counseling and active behavioral interventions to limit excess gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy may improve health outcomes for women and infants. The 2009 National Academy of Medicine (NAM; formerly the Institute of Medicine) recommendations for healthy GWG vary according to prepregnancy weight category.

Objective: To review and synthesize the evidence on benefits and harms of behavioral interventions to promote healthy weight gain during pregnancy to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation.