Evaluating The Real Cost Digital and Social Media Campaign: Longitudinal Effects of Campaign Exposure on E-cigarette Beliefs.

Introduction: Over the past decade, youth e-cigarette use has risen exponentially. At the same time, digital media use increased markedly while the use of traditional broadcast TV declined. In response, the U.

Youths' Perceptions of Nicotine Harm and Associations With Product Use.

Introduction: Although nicotine is the main addictive substance in tobacco, tobacco combustion is responsible for most tobacco-related diseases. U.S.

The effect of cigarette modified risk claims and brand on perceived risk, product appeal, and use intentions.

Objectives: No studies have examined the brand context in which modified risk claims appear on tobacco products. This study examines how marketing products with modified risk claims affects risk perceptions, appeal, and intentions among own-brand, other brand, and novel brand cigarettes.

Methods: This experiment employed a 3 (claim: risk modification [RM], exposure modification [EM], control) x 3 (brand: own, other, novel) between-subjects design.

Predicting tobacco product initiation from intentions to use: Comparing the validity of item analysis methods.

Items measuring tobacco use intentions are used to predict future use. Researchers combine items using different methods; however, no research has compared these methods' predictive validity. Here, we compare how well six methods of analyzing four intention items predict initiation of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, snus pouches, and other smokeless tobacco one year later.

Absolute and Relative Smokeless Tobacco Product Risk Perceptions: Developing and Validating New Measures that are Up-to-Snuff.

Introduction: Tobacco risk perceptions impact behavior. Our 2018 systematic review of tobacco risk perception measures found no measures of smokeless tobacco (ST) risk perceptions with demonstrated validity and complete consistency with tobacco researcher recommendations (e.g.

Developing and Validating Measures of Absolute and Relative E-Cigarette Product Risk Perceptions: Single Items Can Be Surprisingly Comprehensive.

Introduction: Tobacco risk perceptions are important predictors of behavior and are impacted by tobacco communications. Our systematic literature review (completed in 2018) found there were no measures of e-cigarette risk perceptions that were completely consistent with tobacco researcher recommendations (eg, specifying use frequency) and had demonstrated validity and reliability. The current study develops measures to assess specific risk perceptions, including absolute risks and risks compared with cigarettes, nicotine replacement therapy, and all nicotine cessation.

Influencer prevalence and role on cigar brand Instagram pages.

Purpose: Influencers market products for tobacco companies on social media. This is the first study to systematically examine leading cigar brands' use of influencers on their brand Instagram pages.

Methods: We identified 24 leading cigar brands, using July 2017-June 2018 US retail data.

Social media use by leading US e-cigarette, cigarette, smokeless tobacco, cigar and hookah brands.

Background: Youth and young adults frequently use social media and are susceptible to tobacco use. This study is the first to provide a systematic overview of how leading tobacco product brands use popular social media platforms.

Methods: We identified 112 leading brands of e-cigarettes, hookah, cigars, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco based on sales and self-report user data.

Sexual and Gender Minority U.S. Youth Tobacco Use: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 3, 2015-2016.

Introduction: Tobacco use disparities by sexual identity are well characterized among adults, but relatively less is known about tobacco use disparities in sexual minority youth. Moreover, no national study has reported tobacco use behaviors among gender minority (e.g.

Perceived relative harm of using e-cigarettes predicts future product switching among US adult cigarette and e-cigarette dual users.

Background And Aims: People's perceptions of the harmfulness of e-cigarettes, compared with cigarettes, may influence their product use decisions. We tested if perceiving e-cigarettes as less harmful than cigarettes predicted whether cigarette and e-cigarette dual users switched their product use status 1 year later, becoming exclusive e-cigarette users, exclusive cigarette smokers, or non-users of both product types.

Design: Longitudinal analyses of waves 2 (2014-15) and 3 (2015-16) of the prospective, national Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Cigar package quantity and smoking behavior.

Background: Several jurisdictions in the US and abroad limit the minimum number of cigars that can be sold per package. Research has not evaluated whether small packages might result in cigar use initiation, or whether adding cigars to packages might result in purchasers smoking more cigars.

Methods: Using nationally representative US adult data from Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we assessed links between cigar package quantity (number of cigars in the package a person usually buys) and (1) price, and (2) cigar and cigarette use over time, for three cigar types: filtered cigars, cigarillos, and large cigars.

Multi-item Measures of Tobacco Health Perceptions: A Review.

In this paper, we review multi-item measures of tobacco risk perceptions and health beliefs, describe the measures' content and quality, and identify measure development opportunities. We identified 110 articles that included measures assessing perceptions of tobacco's health effects by combining multiple items into a score. We coded measures' provenance (newly developed vs built on prior measures), content, consistency with risk-perception researcher recommendations (eg, specifying use conditions), samples used, and reliability and validity.

Mobile website characteristics of leading tobacco product brands: cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, hookah and cigars.

Significance: Most US adults use smartphones for internet access. Understanding what they see when they view smartphone-optimised (mobile) tobacco websites is important, as it can inform tobacco education and cessation strategies. This study describes mobile tobacco websites for leading brands of cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco (smokeless), e-cigarettes and hookah.

Cigarette and smokeless tobacco company smartphone applications.

Purpose: Two previous studies indicate that prosmoking apps might encourage smoking behaviour via smoking cues. The current paper seeks to build on these studies and provide an updated overview of the characteristics of tobacco industry-sponsored apps.

Methods: In November 2017, we identified 19 unique top-selling cigarette brands, 20 smokeless tobacco brands, 30 e-cigarette brands and 43 cigar brands based on Nielsen sales from 2016 Nielsen Scantrack data and 2016 Kantar advertising data from the Kantar Media Stradegy database.

Harm Perceptions of Intermittent Tobacco Product Use Among U.S. Youth, 2016.

Purpose: We aimed to describe U.S. youth harm perceptions of intermittent tobacco use.

US Adult Interest in Less Harmful and Less Addictive Hypothetical Modified Risk Tobacco Products.

Introduction: Tobacco companies have a history of making health claims about their new products. Such claims are now regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration. We examined consumer interest in hypothetical modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) among current, former, and never established smokers and examined whether interest was associated with beliefs about tobacco and cancer.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Tobacco Information Seeking and Information Sources: Findings From the 2015 Health Information National Trends Survey.

This article describes sources of health information, types of tobacco information sought, and trust in sources of tobacco information among U.S. racial/ethnic groups (Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and Other).

Measuring youth beliefs about the harms of e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco compared to cigarettes.

This study examined validity of direct and indirect measures of perceived harm of e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (SLT) compared to cigarettes. On direct measures, people compare one product to another, whereas on indirect measures, people rate each product separately and the researcher compares these ratings. Data from youth in Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (2013-2014) were analyzed (N=13,651 youth aged 12-17years).

U.S. adults' addiction and harm beliefs about nicotine and low nicotine cigarettes.

This research described U.S. adults' beliefs about nicotine and low nicotine cigarettes (LNCs) using the nationally-representative Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS-FDA 2015; N=3738).

Online Information About Harmful Tobacco Constituents: A Content Analysis.

Introduction: Tobacco products and smoke contain more than 7000 chemicals (ie, constituents). Research shows that consumers have poor understanding of tobacco constituents and find communication about them to be confusing. The current content analysis describes how information is communicated about tobacco constituents online in terms of source, target audience, and message.

The relationship between shame and perceived biological origins of mental illness among South Asian and white American young adults.

Mental illness (MI) affects one in four people in their lifetime and a failure to seek help for MI can have grave consequences. To decrease stigma and increase help seeking, prior campaigns have promoted the biological origins of MI. Even though some research supports the efficacy of this approach, other research does not.

Barriers to living donation among low-resource Hispanics.

Hispanics are disproportionately affected by renal failure. Although living donation has been heralded as a potential means for alleviating the need for transplantable kidneys, a nuanced understanding of the obstacles faced by Hispanics is necessary. In our study, we conducted focus groups with 28 first-generation Spanish-dominant Hispanic renal patients.

The effect of depression on physician-patient communication among Hispanic end-stage renal disease patients.

End-stage renal disease is associated with increased level of depression. Depression is associated with a reduction in the ability of people to effectively communicate in interpersonal settings. The interaction between end-stage renal disease patients and their physicians has important implications for the course of the treatment of this disease; however, there is limited research examining the influence of depression on general patient-physician communication.