Vegetative phase change in Populus tremula × alba.

Plants transition through juvenile and adult phases of vegetative development in a process known as vegetative phase change (VPC). In poplars (genus Populus) the differences between these stages are subtle, making it difficult to determine when this transition occurs. Previous studies of VPC in poplars have relied on plants propagated in vitro, leaving the natural progression of this process unknown.

Ethanol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase or cytochrome P 2E1 differentially impairs hepatic protein trafficking and growth hormone signaling.

The liver metabolizes alcohol using alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P 2E1 (CYP2E1). Both enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde, but CYP2E1 activity also results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote oxidative stress. We have previously shown that microtubules are hyperacetylated in ethanol-treated polarized, hepatic WIF-B cells and livers from ethanol-fed rats.