One-year follow-up of clinical convergence measures in children enrolled in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial-Attention and Reading Trial.

Purpose: To assess the long-term stability of clinical measures of convergence (near point of convergence [NPC] and positive fusional vergence [PFV]) in participants enrolled in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial-Attention and Reading Trial (CITT-ART) who received 16 weeks of office-based vergence/accommodative therapy.

Methods: A total of 310 children, 9-14 years old, with symptomatic convergence insufficiency were enrolled in CITT-ART. Some 270 completed both their 16-week primary outcome visit followed by a 1-year follow-up visit.

Repeated Low-level Red-light Therapy: The Next Wave in Myopia Management?

Exposure to long-wavelength light has been proposed as a potential intervention to slow myopia progression in children. This article provides an evidence-based review of the safety and myopia control efficacy of red light and discusses the potential mechanisms by which red light may work to slow childhood myopia progression.The spectral composition of the ambient light in the visual environment has powerful effects on eye growth and refractive development.

Vergence/accommodative therapy for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children: Time course of improvements in convergence function.

Purpose: To evaluate the time course of improvements in clinical convergence measures for children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency treated with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy.

Methods: We evaluated convergence measures from 205, 9- to 14-year-old children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency randomised to office-based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial - Attention and Reading Trial (CITT-ART). Near-point of convergence (NPC) and near-positive fusional vergence (PFV) were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of therapy; mean change in NPC and PFV between these time points were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance.

Relationships among Clinical Factors and Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Adults with Convergence Insufficiency.

Significance: When exploring relationships among clinical measures and patient-reported outcome measures in adults with convergence insufficiency, worse symptoms (Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey [CISS] score) seemed to be correlated with worse reading function domain score (Adult Strabismus-20 quality-of-life questionnaire). After treatment, improved symptoms were associated with improved reading function quality of life.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore relationships between clinical measures and patient-reported outcome measures in adults undergoing treatment for symptomatic convergence insufficiency.

Rasch-calibrated Intermittent Exotropia Symptom Questionnaire for Children.

Significance: A rigorously designed and calibrated symptom questionnaire for childhood intermittent exotropia would be useful for clinical care and for research.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to Rasch-calibrate and evaluate the previously developed Child Intermittent Exotropia Symptom Questionnaire using data gathered as part of a randomized clinical trial.

Methods: The questionnaire was administered to 386 children aged 3 to 10 years with intermittent exotropia who were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial comparing overminus with nonoverminus spectacles.

Does coexisting accommodative dysfunction impact clinical convergence measures, symptoms and treatment success for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children?

Purpose: To determine whether coexisting accommodative dysfunction in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI) impacts presenting clinical convergence measures, symptoms and treatment success for CI.

Methods: Secondary data analyses of monocular accommodative amplitude (AA; push-up method), monocular accommodative facility (AF; ±2.00 D lens flippers) and symptoms (CI Symptom Survey [CISS]) in children with symptomatic CI from the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (N = 218) and CITT-Attention and Reading Trial (N = 302) were conducted.

Near-point Findings in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in Typical Peers.

Significance: Clinicians can better diagnose and manage vision problems of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children by establishing a standard of care for this population. Results also reinforce the importance of a comprehensive binocular vision evaluation in all patients with ASD.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to compare near-point and ocular motility test findings in ASD children and typically developing (TD) peers and to compare findings among ASD children by level of verbal communication.

Partial rescue of retinal function and sterol steady-state in a rat model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is the first-described in a growing family of hereditary defects in cholesterol biosynthesis, and presents with a spectrum of serious abnormalities, including multiple dysmorphologies, failure to thrive, cognitive and behavioral impairments, and retinopathy. Using a pharmacologically induced rat model of SLOS that exhibits key hallmarks of the disease, including progressive retinal degeneration and dysfunction, we show that a high-cholesterol diet can substantially correct abnormalities in retinal sterol composition, with concomitant improvement of visual function, particularly within the cone pathway. Although histologic degeneration still occurred, a high-cholesterol diet reduced the number of pyknotic photoreceptor nuclei, relative to animals on a cholesterol-free diet.