Stock-outs of essential medicines among community health workers (CHWs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic literature review of the extent, reasons, and consequences.

Background: This paper explores the extent of community-level stock-out of essential medicines among community health workers (CHWs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and identifies the reasons for and consequences of essential medicine stock-outs.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Five electronic databases were searched with a prespecified strategy and the grey literature examined, January 2006-March 2021.

Race and ethnicity, neighborhood poverty and pediatric firearm hospitalizations in the United States.

Purpose: To better understand the effects of race and/or ethnicity and neighborhood poverty on pediatric firearm injuries in the United States, we compared overall and intent-specific firearm hospitalizations (FH) with those of pedestrian motor vehicle crash hospitalizations (PMVH).

Methods: We used Nationwide Inpatient Sample data (1998-2011) among 0-15 year-olds in a 1:1 case-case study; 4725 FH and 4725 PMVH matched by age, year, and region.

Results: Risk of FH versus PMVH was 64% higher among black children, Odds ratio (OR) = 1.