Abacavir induced T cell reactivity from drug naïve individuals shares features of allo-immune responses.

Abacavir hypersensitivity is a severe hypersensitivity reaction which occurs exclusively in carriers of the HLA-B*57∶01 allele. In vitro culture of PBMC with abacavir results in the outgrowth of abacavir-reacting CD8+ T cells, which release IFNγ and are cytotoxic. How this immune response is induced and what is recognized by these T cells is still a matter of debate.

Understanding and becoming - the heart of the matter in nurse education.

The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding of student nurses' processes of understanding and becoming nurses. The study is phenomenological-hermeneutic in design, comprising data from three focus group interviews in two Scandinavian countries. The process of student nurses' understanding and becoming a nurse emerged as a hermeneutical movement.

Increased risk of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 14-year follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: The reported prevalence of radiological osteoarthritis (OA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction varies from 10% to 90%. Purpose/

Hypothesis: To report the prevalence of OA after ACL reconstruction and to compare the OA prevalence between quadrupled semitendinosus tendon (ST) and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) grafts. The hypothesis was that there would be no difference in OA prevalence between the graft types.

Through the depths and heights of darkness; mothers as patients in psychiatric care.

Introduction: This study attempts to contribute to the knowledge of caring science and mental health care by means of a profound understanding of the patients' existential world when being a mother in receipt of psychiatric care, with focus on inner processes such as health and suffering. Mothers struggle to cope with the demands of the illness and the responsibility for their children. They see themselves through their children and regard the child as an important part of themselves.

Oxypurinol directly and immediately activates the drug-specific T cells via the preferential use of HLA-B*58:01.

Allopurinol (ALP) hypersensitivity is a major cause of severe cutaneous adverse reactions and is strongly associated with the HLA-B*58:01 allele. However, it can occur in the absence of this allele with identical clinical manifestations. The immune mechanism of ALP-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions is poorly understood, and the T cell-reactivity pattern in patients with or without the HLA-B*58:01 allele is not known.

EEG, evoked potentials and pulsed Doppler in asphyxiated term infants.

Objective: To evaluate electroencephalograms (EEG), evoked potentials (EPs) and Doppler findings in the cerebral arteries as predictors of a 1-year outcome in asphyxiated newborn infants.

Methods: EEG and EPs (brain stem auditory (BAEP), somatosensory (SEP), visual (VEP) evoked potentials) were assessed in 30 asphyxiated and 30 healthy term infants during the first days (range 1-8). Cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) were measured from the cerebral arteries using pulsed Doppler at ∼24h of age.

Determination of concept technology - the ontology of the concept as a component of the knowledge development in caring science.

The purpose of this study is to determine the ontology of the concept of technology from the perspective of caring science. The aim is to increase knowledge of the concept in caring science and to answer the research question concerning what the concept of technology is in caring science. In literature, the concept of technology is used diversely referring it to caring technology, nursing technology, wellbeing technology, information technology, telenursing and technology in care named by a specific device or an area of nursing or medicine.

Extensive changes in the transcriptional profile of human adipose tissue including genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation after a 6-month exercise intervention.

Aim: Adipose tissue has an important function in total energy homeostasis, and its dysregulation may contribute to lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate genome-wide mRNA expression in adipose tissue in healthy men before and after an exercise intervention to identify genes or pathways that mediate the beneficial effect of regular exercise. We also investigated the difference in adipose tissue mRNA expression between individuals with or without a family history of type 2 diabetes.

The ancient Britons: groundwater fauna survived extreme climate change over tens of millions of years across NW Europe.

Global climate changes during the Cenozoic (65.5-0 Ma) caused major biological range shifts and extinctions. In northern Europe, for example, a pattern of few endemics and the dominance of wide-ranging species is thought to have been determined by the Pleistocene (2.

Healthcare professionals' perceptions of the use of pain scales in postoperative pain assessments.

Aim: To describe how healthcare professionals perceive the use of pain scales in postoperative care.

Background: Pain scales are important but not an obvious choice to use in postoperative care. No study has explored how healthcare professionals experience the use of pain scales.

Numeric rating scale: patients' perceptions of its use in postoperative pain assessments.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe how patients perceive the use of the numeric rating scale in postoperative pain assessments.

Background: There are recommendations to use a pain scale to follow patients' postoperative pain. Most patients prefer the NRS but there is a discrepancy between patients and healthcare professionals how to interpret the ratings from the pain assessments.

Expression of phosphofructokinase in skeletal muscle is influenced by genetic variation and associated with insulin sensitivity.

Using an integrative approach in which genetic variation, gene expression, and clinical phenotypes are assessed in relevant tissues may help functionally characterize the contribution of genetics to disease susceptibility. We sought to identify genetic variation influencing skeletal muscle gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci [eQTLs]) as well as expression associated with measures of insulin sensitivity. We investigated associations of 3,799,401 genetic variants in expression of >7,000 genes from three cohorts (n = 104).

Becoming a caring nurse--a Nordic study on students' learning and development in clinical education.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning and deepen the understanding of student learning and development in becoming a nurse. Data were collected from focus group interviews with students from three different universities and analysed using a phenomenological-hermeneutical method. The comprehensive understanding of student learning and development in becoming a nurse resulted in two constituents: the prerequisites for learning and development, and itineraries for learning and development.

Fine-scale mapping of the FGFR2 breast cancer risk locus: putative functional variants differentially bind FOXA1 and E2F1.

The 10q26 locus in the second intron of FGFR2 is the locus most strongly associated with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer in genome-wide association studies. We conducted fine-scale mapping in case-control studies genotyped with a custom chip (iCOGS), comprising 41 studies (n = 89,050) of European ancestry, 9 Asian ancestry studies (n = 13,983), and 2 African ancestry studies (n = 2,028) from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. We identified three statistically independent risk signals within the locus.

Editorial decisions may perpetuate belief in invalid research findings.

Social psychology and related disciplines are seeing a resurgence of interest in replication, as well as actual replication efforts. But prior work suggests that even a clear demonstration that a finding is invalid often fails to shake acceptance of the finding. This threatens the full impact of these replication efforts.

Epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and febrile seizures linked by common genetic variation around SCN1A.

Epilepsy comprises several syndromes, amongst the most common being mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis are typically drug-resistant, and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is frequently associated with important co-morbidities, mandating the search for better understanding and treatment. The cause of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is unknown, but there is an association with childhood febrile seizures.

Synthetic analogues of bovine bactenecin dodecapeptide reduce herpes simplex virus type 2 infectivity in mice.

We have evaluated the potential of four synthetic peptides (denoted HH-2, 1002, 1006, 1018) with a distant relationship to the host defense peptide bovine bactenecin dodecapeptide for their ability to prevent genital infections with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in mice. All four peptides showed antiviral properties in vitro and reduced HSV-2 infection of Vero cells in a dose-dependent manner. Detailed analysis showed that the peptides were able to interfere with both viral attachment and entry, but not with replication post-entry, and were effective antivirals also when HSV-2 was introduced in human semen.

HSV-2 regulates monocyte inflammatory response via the Fas/FasL pathway.

Monocytic cells represent important cellular elements of the innate and adaptive immune responses in viral infections. We assessed the role of Fas/FasL in promoting monocyte apoptosis during HSV-2 infection by using an in vitro model based on the murine RAW 264.7 monocytic cell line and an in vivo murine model of HSV-2 infection applied to C57BL6, MRL-Fas(lpr)/J (Fas-/-) and C3-Fasl(gld)/J (FasL-/-) mice.

TLR3 impairment in human newborns.

Newborns are highly susceptible to viral infections. We hypothesized that this susceptibility could be due to a dysregulated expression of innate virus-sensing receptors, i.e.

A six months exercise intervention influences the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in human adipose tissue.

Epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in gene regulation and the development of different diseases. The epigenome differs between cell types and has until now only been characterized for a few human tissues. Environmental factors potentially alter the epigenome.

Dravet syndrome: new potential genetic modifiers, imaging abnormalities, and ictal findings.

Purpose: Dravet syndrome is an autosomal dominant epileptic encephalopathy of childhood, which is caused mainly by SCN1A and PCHD19 mutations. Although Dravet syndrome is well recognized, the causes of acute encephalopathy are still elusive, and reported data on ictal electroencephalography (EEG) and structural brain abnormalities are scarce.

Methods: We studied 30 children who fulfilled the clinical criteria for Dravet syndrome.

Outcome of ischemic foot ulcer in diabetic patients who had no invasive vascular intervention.

Objective/background: There is limited information regarding outcome in patients not available for revascularisation. Our aim was to identify factors related to ulcer healing in diabetic patients with severe peripheral arterial disease who were not available for revascularisation.

Methods: Diabetic patients with a foot ulcer, consecutively presenting at a multidisciplinary foot centre with systolic toe pressure <45 mmHg or an ankle pressure <80 mmHg were prospectively included.

Have the poor always been less likely to migrate? Evidence from inheritance practices during the age of mass migration.

Using novel data on 50,000 Norwegian men, we study the effect of wealth on the probability of internal or international migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913), a time when the US maintained an open border to European immigrants. We do so by exploiting variation in parental wealth and in expected inheritance by birth order, gender composition of siblings, and region. We find that wealth discouraged migration in this era, suggesting that the poor could be more likely to move if migration restrictions were lifted today.

The caregivers' possibilities of providing ethically good care for older people--a study on caregivers' ethical approach.

In the care of older people, unexpected and unpredictable situations often occur, which sometimes involve challenging ethical decision-making. This study starts off from an ethical perspective with caritative caring as the theoretical framework. The aim of this descriptive study is to describe what possibilities care givers regard themselves to have to provide good care based on ethical values in the daily care of older persons.

Assessment of ethical ideals and ethical manners in care of older people.

The aim of this study is to establish structured clusters and well-defined ontological entities (nodes) describing ethical values as both ideal and opportunity for ethical manner as perceived by thecaregiver.In this study, we use Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) to analyse ethical values (ethos) and ethical manners in daily work with older people. Material is based on questionnaire data collected by the instrument for the self-assessment of individual ethos in the care of older people(ISAEC) in spring 2007 in a municipality in Western Finland.