Training in Radiation and Clinical Oncology in Europe.

The European population is strongly affected by cancer. Radiotherapy is roughly used in 50% of cancer patients in European countries. The increased cancer burden demands a new generation of radiation/clinical oncologist (RO/CO) that, besides a strong evidence-based oncological knowledge, will be ready for leadership in cancer care.

The Oslo Ischaemia Study: cohort profile.

Purpose: The Oslo Ischaemia Study was designed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of silent coronary disease in Norwegian middle-aged men, specifically validating exercise electrocardiography (ECG) findings compared with angiography. The study has been important in investigating long-term predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as investigating a broad spectrum of epidemiological and public health perspectives.

Participants: In 1972-1975, 2014 healthy men, 40-59 years old, were enrolled in the study.

Novel insights into stroke risk beyond resting and maximal bicycle exercise systolic blood pressure.

Objective: Previous research has shown an association between moderate workload exercise blood pressure (BP) and coronary disease, whereas maximal exercise BP is associated with stroke. We aimed to investigate the association between the increase in BP during maximal exercise and the long-term risk of stroke in healthy, middle-aged men.

Methods: Two thousand and fourteen men were included in the Oslo Ischemia Study in the 1970s.

[Ten-year prediction of cardiovascular disease in healthy Norwegian men, based on NORRISK-2].

Background: Norwegian guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease recommend the use of the NORRISK-2 risk model, with some additions. We wished to investigate whether NORRISK-2 could predict cardiovascular disease in healthy Norwegian men who took part in the Oslo Ischaemia Study.

Material: NORRISK-2 scores were calculated for 2 014 men in the age group 40-60 years who were included in the Oslo Ischaemia Study in 1972-75.

Change in Body Weight and Long-Term Risk of Stroke and Death in Healthy Men.

Background and Purpose- The importance of weight change for the risk of stroke is not well known. We examined the associations between early- and mid-life weight change and risks of stroke and death during long-term follow-up of healthy men. Methods- We recruited healthy men aged between 40 and 59 years and performed a cardiovascular examination at baseline and again at 7 years.

Fasting Serum Levels of Potassium and Sodium in Relation to Long-Term Risk of Cancer in Healthy Men.

Purpose: To examine whether serum levels of potassium and sodium were associated with long-term cancer risk in initially healthy men.

Patients And Methods: A cohort of 1994 initially healthy men with no use of medication, aged 40-59 years, was followed for cancer during 40 years of follow-up. Associations between fasting electrolyte levels and cancer risk were assessed with incidence rates and Cox proportional hazards models.

Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure at Moderate Workload Is Linearly Associated With Coronary Disease Risk in Healthy Men.

There is no consensus on the definition of an exaggerated increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise. The aim was to explore a potential threshold for exercise SBP associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease in healthy men using repeated exercise testing. Two thousand fourteen healthy white male employees were recruited into the Oslo Ischemia Study during early 1970s.

Changes in midlife fitness, body mass index, and smoking influence cancer incidence and mortality: A prospective cohort study in men.

Cancer prevention efforts include modification of unhealthy lifestyle, such as smoking cessation and resisting gain in body weight. Although physical activity is inversely related to risk of several cancers, it is poorly studied whether changes in physical activity or fitness influence future cancer risk. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether changes in midlife cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index (BMI), and smoking habits influence cancer incidence and mortality.

Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Stroke and Death: Long-Term Follow-Up of Healthy Middle-Aged Men.

Background and Purpose- Low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study aims to assess whether change of fitness over time has any impact on long-term risk of stroke and death. Methods- We recruited healthy men aged 40 to 59 years in 1972 to 1975, and followed them until 2007.

SBP above 180 mmHg at moderate exercise workload increases coronary heart disease risk in healthy men during 28-year follow-up.

Objective: We investigated the association between exercise SBP at a moderate workload and long-term risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in men who were healthy when assessed by two bicycle exercise tests 7 years apart.

Methods: During 1972-1975, apparently healthy men (n = 1999) were initially enrolled following thorough medical examination and ECG-monitored bicycle exercise test. Participants (n = 1392) who were healthy also at a second exercise test 7 years later were included in the present study.

Physical fitness is a modifiable predictor of early cardiovascular death: A 35-year follow-up study of 2014 healthy middle-aged men.

Background Physical fitness has been shown to predict cardiovascular death during long-term follow-up. In the present study we aimed to investigate how physical fitness and other cardiovascular risk factors at middle-age influenced the risk of cardiovascular death during the early (0-11 years), intermediate (12-23 years) and late (24-35 years) parts of a 35-year observation period. Methods and results Age-adjusted physical fitness was calculated in 2014 apparently healthy, middle-aged men after maximal bicycle electrocardiogram-tests in 1972-1975 (Survey 1) and 1979-1982 (Survey 2).

Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the association between lung function and exercise capacity in healthy Norwegian men.

Background: It is widely accepted that exercise capacity in healthy individuals is limited by the cardiac function, while the respiratory system is considered oversized. Although there is physiological, age-related decline in both lung function and physical capacity, the association between decline in lung function and decline in exercise capacity is little studied. Therefore, we examined the longitudinal association between lung function indices and exercise capacity, assessed by the total amount of work performed on a standardized incremental test, in a cohort of middle-aged men.

Long-term predictors of stroke in healthy middle-aged men.

Background There are few data on risk factors for stroke during long-term follow-up of healthy individuals. Aims We aimed to investigate the long-term predictive impact on stroke risk of baseline variables including hemodynamic variables measured at rest and during exercise in middle-aged, healthy men. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of 2014 healthy Norwegian men aged 40-59 years, recruited during the period 1972-1975 and followed until 2007.

Response to Intravenous Glucose-Tolerance Test and Risk of Cancer: A Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Impaired glucose regulation, measured with an oral glucose-tolerance test, has been associated with the risk of cancer. Here, we explored whether the response to an intravenous glucose-tolerance test (IVGTT) is associated with the risk of cancer.

Methods: A cohort of 945 healthy men, aged 40-59years in 1972-75, was followed for 40years.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of site-specific cancers: a long-term prospective cohort study.

Based on self-reported physical activity, there is epidemiologic evidence for a beneficial relation between physical activity and colon cancer in men, but findings for other cancers are inconclusive. Measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) can provide knowledge about the cancer-preventive value of physical activity. We aimed to assess relationships between CRF and risk of site-specific cancers.

Exercise systolic blood pressure at moderate workload predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality through 35 years of follow-up in healthy, middle-aged men.

Objective: There is an association between exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) and cardiovascular disease and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate this association, with 35 years of follow-up.

Methods: Through 1972-75, 2014 healthy, middle-aged men underwent thorough medical examination and a bicycle exercise test.

Temporal Reduction in Chronotropic Index Predicts Risk of Cardiovascular Death Among Healthy Middle-Aged Men: a 28-Year Follow-Up Study.

Background: Chronotropic index is a standardized measure of heart rate (HR) increment during exercise that reflects the combined effects of age, resting HR, and physical fitness. Low chronotropic index has been reported to predict disease and death. We tested whether temporal change in chronotropic index over 7 years influenced risk of cardiovascular death through up to 28 years.

Cholesterol and prostate cancer risk: a long-term prospective cohort study.

Background: Few studies have taken risk of competing events into account when examining the relationship between cholesterol and prostate cancer incidence, and few studies have a follow-up over several decades. We aimed to use these approaches to examine the relationship between cholesterol and prostate cancer.

Methods: A cohort of 1997 healthy Norwegian men aged 40-59 years in 1972-75 was followed throughout 2012.

Measured cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported physical activity: associations with cancer risk and death in a long-term prospective cohort study.

Physical activity is inversely associated with risk of some cancers. The relation with cancer-specific death remains uncertain. Mainly, studies on relationships between physical activity and cancer are based on self-reported physical activity (SPA).

Can deaths in police cells be prevented? Experience from Norway and death rates in other countries.

Purpose: To describe the changes in death rates and causes of deaths in Norwegian police cells during the last 2 decades. To review reports on death rates in police cells that have been published in medical journals and elsewhere, and discuss the difficulties of comparing death rates between countries.

Methods: Data on deaths in Norwegian police cells were collected retrospectively in 2002 and 2012 for two time periods: 1993-2001 (period 1) and 2003-2012 (period 2).

Heart rate reserve predicts cardiovascular death among physically unfit but otherwise healthy middle-aged men: a 35-year follow-up study.

Background: Heart rate reserve (HRR) has been reported to be inversely associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease and death. The impact of physical fitness (PF) on this relationship has not, however, been described in detail. We investigated how different levels of PF influenced the association between HRR and CV death during a 35-year follow-up.

[Deaths in Norwegian police cells from 2003 to 2012].

Background: In 2002 the Politiarrestprosjektet (a police custody project in Norway) examined deaths in Norwegian police cells during the period from 1993 to 2001. They found a total of 36 deaths, 16 of which were due either to acute alcohol poisoning or to head injuries suffered by people who had been detained for intoxication. A range of preventive measures were proposed.

Life style and longevity among initially healthy middle-aged men: prospective cohort study.

Background: Few studies have examined how various lifestyle factors in midlife predict longevity, and none of these studies have examined the impact of physical fitness. The present study aimed to examine longevity in relation to smoking, overweight and physical fitness.

Methods: We prospectively studied longevity (defined as reaching at least 85 years of age) in relation to smoking status, body mass index and physical fitness in 821 healthy men between 51 and 59 years of age.

Low heart rates predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-aged men.

Background: Low resting heart rate (HR) has been associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) in athletes. We aimed to study whether low HR at rest or during exercise testing was a predictor of AF in initially healthy middle-aged men.

Methods And Results: A total of 2014 healthy Norwegian men participated in a prospective cardiovascular survey, including a standardized bicycle exercise test in 1972 to 1975.