Freeze-Chilling of Whitefish: Effects of Capture, On-Board Processing, Freezing, Frozen Storage, Thawing, and Subsequent Chilled Storage-A Review.

The current review investigates how whitefish quality is affected by capture at sea, on board handling, freezing, double freezing, frozen storage, thawing, and chilled storage. Packaging of fillets in MAP and vacuum are also covered. The main goal was to evaluate the freeze-chilling concept as a possible method for the fishing industry for all-year-round marketing of fish captured during the relatively short fishing period.

Discrimination between weaned and unweaned Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in capture-based aquaculture (CBA) by X-ray imaging and radio-frequency metal detector.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of two detection methods for use in discrimination and sorting of adult Atlantic cod (about 2 kg) in the small scale capture-based aquaculture (CBA). Presently, there is no established method for discrimination of weaned and unweaned cod in CBA. Generally, 60-70% of the wild-caught cod in the CBA are weaned into commercial dry feed.

Innovative nondestructive measurements of water activity and the content of salts in low-salt hake minces.

Impedance spectroscopy (IS), low-field proton nuclear magnetic resonance (LF (1)H NMR), chloride titration, ion chromatography, and an ion selective electrode were used to investigate the physicochemical parameters and measure sodium and potassium contents in low-salt brines and fish. Salt solutions (0-3 w/w, %) and model products of minced hake with added NaCl (0.5-3.

Use of NMR in fish processing optimization: a review of recent progress.

The goal of this review is to give an overview of general trends in the application of the NMR related to fish processing and quality and to provide some viewpoints on the current situation. Three novel examples of the application of the methodologies magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and low-field NMR are also presented. The capability of these techniques to be utilized as a tool to optimize fish processing, and thereby improving product quality, as well as to confirm labelling information, are demonstrated.

Effects of perimortem stress on farmed Atlantic cod product quality: a baseline study.

The potential effects of handling stress on the product quality of farmed Atlantic cod were studied in a controlled experiment (fish anesthetized with metomidate or isoeugenol, or subjected to stress by chasing for 30 min). For comparison, stress and fillet quality was also studied for commercially slaughtered farmed cod (fish sampled from waiting cage, after pumping and stunning with carbon dioxide, and after bleeding and chilling). Baseline values for stress-related parameters (blood chemistry, muscle high-energy phosphates and inosine monophospate, initial pH, muscle twitches, and rigor mortis) of rested Atlantic cod have been established.

Rested and stressed farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) chilled in ice or slurry and effects on quality.

The main objectives of this study were to investigate (1) whether rested harvest of farmed cod was better maintained by chilling with slurry rather than by traditional ice storage, (2) whether chilling with slurry would be a feasible chilling method to assure low core temperatures (≤0 °C) at packing of gutted fish, and (3) the effects of superchilling compared with traditional ice on selected quality parameters of cod during storage. In the experiment, seawater slurry at -2.0 ± 0.

Water and salt distribution in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) studied by low-field 1H NMR, 1H and 23Na MRI and light microscopy: effects of raw material quality and brine salting.

The effect of different Atlantic salmon raw materials (prerigor, postrigor and frozen/thawed) on water mobility and salt uptake after brine salting was investigated by using LF 1H NMR T2 relaxation,1H and 23Na MRI and light microscopy. Distributed exponential analysis of the T2 relaxation data revealed two main water pools in all raw materials, T21 and T22, with relaxation times in the range of 20-100 ms and 100-300 ms, respectively. Raw material differences were reflected in the T2 relaxation data.

Water distribution in brine salted cod (Gadus morhua) and salmon (Salmo salar): a low-field 1H NMR study.

Low-field (LF) (1)H NMR T 2 relaxation measurements were used to study changes in water distribution in lean (Atlantic cod) and fatty (Atlantic salmon) fish during salting in 15% NaCl and 25% NaCl brines. The NMR data were treated by PCA, continuous distribution analysis, and biexponential fitting and compared with physicochemical data. Two main water pools were observed in unsalted fish, T 21, with relaxation times in the range 20-100 ms, and T 22, with relaxation times in the range 100-300 ms.

Comparative study on acid-induced gelation of myosin from Atlantic cod (Gardus morhua) and burbot (Lota lota).

Physicochemical and rheological properties of myosin from Atlantic cod and burbot during acid-induced gelation at room temperature (22-23°C) by d-gluconic acid-δ-lactone (GDL) were monitored. Turbidity and particle size of both myosins increased and salt soluble content decreased when pH decreased, suggesting the formation of protein aggregates caused by acidification. The formation of disulphide bonds in myosin gelation was induced by acid.

Quality grading of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by computer vision.

In this study, we present a promising method of computer vision-based quality grading of whole Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Using computer vision, it was possible to differentiate among different quality grades of Atlantic salmon based on the external geometrical information contained in the fish images. Initially, before the image acquisition, the fish were subjectively graded and labeled into grading classes by a qualified human inspector in the processing plant.

Computer vision-based evaluation of pre- and postrigor changes in size and shape of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets during rigor mortis and ice storage: effects of perimortem handling stress.

The present study describes the possibilities for using computer vision-based methods for the detection and monitoring of transient 2D and 3D changes in the geometry of a given product. The rigor contractions of unstressed and stressed fillets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used as a model system. Gradual changes in fillet shape and size (area, length, width, and roundness) were recorded for 7 and 3 d, respectively.

Atlantic salmon skin and fillet color changes effected by perimortem handling stress, rigor mortis, and ice storage.

The changes in skin and fillet color of anesthetized and exhausted Atlantic salmon were determined immediately after killing, during rigor mortis, and after ice storage for 7 d. Skin color (CIE L*, a*, b*, and related values) was determined by a Minolta Chroma Meter. Roche SalmoFan Lineal and Roche Color Card values were determined by a computer vision method and a sensory panel.

Computer vision-based sorting of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets according to their color level.

Computer vision method was used to evaluate the color of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets. Computer vision-based sorting of fillets according to their color was studied on 2 separate groups of salmon fillets. The images of fillets were captured using a digital camera of high resolution.

Dosin--a new pump device. Its construction and function.

The cyclic flow of the Dosin is useful in interventional radiology since it prevents clotting and increases the mixing with the blood. The flow rate varies from 0.03 mL/s to 5 mL/s and it is recommended to use fluid with a viscosity lower than 3 mPa.

Optimization of ECG gating in quantitative femoral angiography.

Purpose: To determine which phase of the heart cycle would yield the highest reproducibility in measuring atherosclerosis-related variables such as arterial lumen volume and edge roughness.

Material And Methods: 35 patients with hypercholesterolemia underwent select- ive femoral angiography, repeated four times at 10-min intervals. The angiographies were performed with ECG-gated exposures.

Allergic reactions at repeat femoral angiography with ioxaglate.

Purpose: To study the occurrence of allergy-like reactions at angiography, repeated several times, and, secondly, to evaluate the effect of prophylactic treatment in individuals who had earlier experienced such reactions.

Material And Methods: One hundred and fifty-seven patients with hypercholesterolaemia, participating in the Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST), underwent aortofemoral angiography with ioxaglate (Hexabrix) repeated annually for 3 years. Allergic reactions to the contrast medium were recorded.

Effect of furosemide or mannitol before injection of a non-ionic contrast medium on intrarenal oxygen tension.

Oxygen tension (pO2) in rat renal cortex and outer medulla was studied after an intravenous injection of mannitol or furosemide, followed 10 minutes later by an intravenous injection of the non-ionic X-ray contrast medium (CM) iopromide (370 mg iodine/ml). Ten minutes after mannitol injection, before injection of CM, pO2 in the medulla had decreased from a control level of 32 +/- 3 to 28 +/- 4 mm Hg. The addition of CM caused a further decrease, to 24 +/- 5 mm Hg, which was a significant reduction.

Injection of low and iso-osmolar contrast medium decreases oxygen tension in the renal medulla.

The oxygen tension (PO2) in the renal cortex and outer renal medulla in 26 rats was studied by use of oxygen microelectrodes before and after injection of x-ray contrast media (CM). The CM, iopromide, ioxaglate and iotrolan were administrated intravenously in iodine equivalent doses (1,600 mg iodine/kg body wt). Ringer's solution was used as the control.

Effects of contrast media and mannitol on renal medullary blood flow and red cell aggregation in the rat kidney.

Hemodynamic factors may play a role in the development of acute renal failure following administration of contrast media (CM). In this study the effect of intravenous injection of contrast media and mannitol on red blood cell velocity (VRBC) and red blood cell aggregation in renal medullary vessels was studied in 58 rats. Renal medullary blood flow was investigated by a cross-correlation technique and by a visual aggregation score.

Lowering of HDL2b by probucol partly explains the failure of the drug to affect femoral atherosclerosis in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. A Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST) Report.

The aim of the Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST) (n = 303) was to investigate whether probucol (0.5 g BID) added to diet and cholestyramine (8 g BID) could retard progression or induce regression of femoral atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic (> 6.86 mmol/L) subjects.

Predilection of atherosclerosis for the inner curvature in the femoral artery. A digitized angiography study.

The degree of atherosclerosis in the inner and outer curvature of the femoral artery was studied by using digitized angiography and edge-roughness calculations in 301 hyperlipidemic patients. When the two edges of the vessel were compared no significant difference was seen, but when the local curvature was taken into account, inner curves were found to be more atherosclerotic than outer curves, and both inner and outer curves were more affected than straight segments. The same pattern was encountered in subpopulations defined by clinical or blood lipid criteria.

The effect of probucol on femoral atherosclerosis: the Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST).

The Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial tested whether treatment of hypercholesterolemic persons with probucol for 3 years affected femoral atherosclerosis. The primary end point was the change in atheroma volume estimated as change in lumen volume of the femoral artery assessed by quantitative arteriography. Three hundred three patients with visible atherosclerosis were randomized to probucol 0.

The relation of coronary and peripheral arterial disease to the severity of femoral atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemia.

Objectives: The extent of atherosclerosis in the superficial femoral artery and the severity of arterial disease in the aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal arterial districts were related to clinical diagnosis of coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic patients.

Design: The study constitutes baseline cross-sectional data of a randomized double-blind clinical trial on Probucol, using both computer based and visual estimations of angiographies as endpoints.

Subjects: Two hundred and ninety men and women (mean age 54 years) with hypercholesterolaemia.

Distribution of coronary atherosclerosis and its correlation to metabolic risk factors and femoral atherosclerosis.

Coronary angiography was performed in 216 men of whom 78 also had a cine-angiogram of one femoral artery. Stenoses of the coronary arteries were measured with a pair of calipers and the femoral angiograms were computer-analysed. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether the bulk of the coronary stenoses affected the central or the peripheral part of the coronary arteries.