Harmful Marketing: An Overlooked Social Determinant of Health.

This paper reviews evidence about the impact of marketing on ill health. We summarize evidence that marketing practices in six industries (tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceutical, processed food, firearm, and fossil fuel) are causal influences on the occurrence of injury, disease, and premature death. For each industry, we provide a brief overview on the extent of harmful marketing, efforts from each industry to obscure or otherwise conceal the impact of their marketing strategies, and efforts to counter the impact of harmful marketing in these industries.

Adolescent Developmental Pathways Among Depression, Conduct Problems, and Rejection: Integrative Data Analysis Across Three Samples.

Objective: The current study investigated sex differences in longitudinal associations among youth depression, conduct problems, and peer rejection from ages 11 to 16. We hypothesized that girls would follow the irritable depression model, which posits that depression leads to conduct problems, and that peer rejection would mediate this relationship. We hypothesized that boys would follow the cumulative failure model, which suggests that conduct problems predict future depression, mediated by peer rejection.

Preliminary Program Evaluation of Pocket PE 3-5™, A User-Friendly Digital Application for Teacher Skills Training and Physical Education Activities for Third- to Fifth-Grade Elementary Students.

Background: In the United States, many classroom teachers also teach physical education (PE). However, there is a dearth of evidence- and standard-based PE programs designed to support classroom teachers to deliver PE effectively in schools.

Methods: The purpose of this study was to establish proof-of-concept for the Pocket PE 3-5 digital app in school settings with 10 third- to fifth-grade classroom teachers.

Enhancing Future Health Equity Plans: Insights from an Evaluation of Public Health Equity Resources in Oregon.

Health Equity Action Plans (HEAPs) are a recent strategy employed across health and human services to promote health equity. To inform the development of future HEAPs, as well as to build upon previous initiatives, we evaluated 52 health equity plans and resources from Oregon counties using five criteria: creation date, process orientation, racial equity lens, metrics, and community engagement. When developing future HEAPs, we recommend explicit commitments to collaborate with marginalized communities, to establish measurable goals and defined metrics for assessing progress, to include voices and perspectives of those affected by health inequities, and to detail community strengths, assets, and resources.

Assessing the Pragmatic Effectiveness and Implementation of Click City: Tobacco: A School-Based Prevention Program Targeting Youth Cigarette and E-cigarette Use.

Introduction: Given the rapid increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use among youth, we updated Click City: Tobacco, an existing, efficacious, online tobacco prevention program for 5th graders with a 6th-grade booster, to also target e-cigarette use.

Methods: To evaluate the effectiveness of the updated 5th-grade program within a "real world" setting, we conducted a pragmatic randomized trial with 5th-grade students in 43 schools across Arizona and Oregon, assessing change in intentions and willingness to use e-cigarettes/cigarettes, from baseline to one-week post-intervention. Students in intervention schools (n = 1327) received the updated version of Click City: Tobacco; students in control schools (n = 1346) received their usual tobacco prevention curriculum.

Legalization and retail availability of recreational marijuana and adolescent use in schools.

Legalization of use and retail sales of recreational marijuana in U.S. states and the associated potential increase in access to marijuana and normalization of its use by adults could lead to increased use by adolescents.

How pubertal timing and self-regulation predict adolescent sexual activity in resource-poor environments.

Studies found support for a link between pubertal timing and self-regulation in low-resource environments. This link could potentially explain a link between pubertal timing and early risk behavior. This study builds on this body of research by examining the mediated effect of pubertal timing on sexual activity through self-regulation in 728 adolescents and their families in a group with poor resources and a group with adequate resources.

Disrupting Maternal Transmission of Depression: Using Integrative Data Analysis (IDA) to Examine Indirect Effects of the Family Check-Up (FCU) Across Three Randomized Trials.

Maternal depression is a well-established risk factor for the development of depression in offspring. As such, reducing maternal depression may be key to effective prevention efforts to reduce offspring's depression. Based on the broad risk represented by maternal depression, examining cross-over effects of parent-focused interventions on maternal depression is important.

Developmental Models of Depression, Externalizing Problems, and Self-regulatory Processes: Integrated Data Analysis Across Four Longitudinal Studies of Youth.

Integrative data analysis (IDA) was used to derive developmental models of depression, externalizing problems, and self-regulatory processes in three prevention trials of the Family Check-Up and one longitudinal, community-based study of girls over a 10-year span covering early to late adolescence (N = 4,773; 74.9% female, 41.7% white).

A Longitudinal Study of E-Cigarette, Cigarette, and Marijuana Use Sequence in Youth.

Objective: There is evidence linking youth use of electronic (e-) cigarettes to subsequent cigarette and marijuana use, raising public health concerns. We examined the sequence of use of e-cigarettes, conventional cigarettes, and marijuana in a longitudinal sample of adolescents, to determine if use of e-cigarettes often preceded use of other substances.

Methods: We collected self-reports from 1123 Oregon adolescents (52% female; 37% Hispanic) longitudinally from 8 to 11 grade (8 total surveys) regarding their lifetime (ever use) and current use (last 30 days) of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and marijuana.

Complete home smoking ban survey analysis: an opportunity to improve health equity among sexual minority adults in California, USA.

Background: Increasing the proportion of adults living in smoke-free homes is a US Healthy People 2020 objective. Complete home smoking bans are associated with higher odds of smoking cessation attempts and cessation duration. Sexual minority adults have disproportionality higher rates of smoking.

Program Evaluation of Healthy Moves™: A Community-Based Trainer in Residence Professional Development Program to Support Generalist Teachers With Physical Education Instruction.

Background: Elementary school teachers are often responsible for teaching physical education to their students, with little formal training in that instruction. This study evaluates a trainer in residence professional development program designed to improve physical education instructional attitudes and practices in elementary school generalist teachers.

Methods: Participants were 139 teachers and 3577 first to fifth grade students at 11 public elementary schools in Oregon.

Long-term cross-over effects of the family check-up prevention program on child and adolescent depression: Integrative data analysis of three randomized trials.

Objective: The present study examined prevention effects of the family check-up (FCU) prevention program on longitudinal changes in youth depression, using harmonized data collected across three prevention trials, including one trial initiated in early childhood and two initiated in early adolescence (total N = 2,322).

Method: Data from parent and youth reports of youth depression were harmonized using Moderated Nonlinear Factor Analysis (MNLFA), which provides a robust means to examine differential item functioning (DIF) across subgroups of participants (e.g.

Friend Selection and Influence Effects for First Heavy Drinking Episode in Adolescence.

Objective: Heavy alcohol consumption has both immediate and longer-term risks for adolescents. Using a dynamic network modeling approach, this study investigated the role of adult supervision and affiliation with heavy drinking friends in predicting the risk of a first heavy drinking episode in a community sample of adolescents.

Method: Two cohorts of ninth grade youth (n = 1,220, 48% male) from seven communities were surveyed three times over the course of the school year (fall, winter, and spring), each time assessing their friendship networks, whether they had ever experienced a heavy drinking episode, frequency of heavy drinking over the past month, and the amount of unsupervised time spent with each of their friends over the past month.

Relational victimization and peer affiliate prosocial behaviors in African American adolescents: Moderating effects of gender and antisocial behavior.

Introduction: Experiencing relational victimization (e.g., peer exclusion, untrue rumors) during adolescence can have negative social-emotional consequences, including increased antisocial behavior and substance use.

Associations between marijuana use and anxious mood lability during adolescence.

Objective: To date, research investigating the association between adolescent marijuana use and anxiety is mixed, given differences in how anxiety is measured and the age ranges studied. The research is further limited as many relevant studies have small sample sizes. This investigation examines the association between marijuana use (use in the past 30 days) and anxious mood lability (rapid fluctuation in emotional states) during early adolescence (average age 14.

A public health framework for the regulation of marketing.

Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies have found a link between youth exposure to cigarette marketing and youth initiation of smoking. These decisive research findings led to regulations of cigarette marketing to youth-including no television or radio ads, prohibitions on the use of cartoons, bans on transit and billboard advertisements, and disallowing tobacco brand sponsorships of sporting events or concerts. Similar products that may cause more harm than benefits include alcohol, electronic cigarettes, and opioids.

Influence of parent-youth relationship, parental monitoring, and parent substance use on adolescent substance use onset.

The quality of parent-child relationships likely influences many decisions and behaviors made by early adolescents, including their alcohol and marijuana use. We examined how parent-youth relationship quality, parental monitoring, and parent substance use were associated with initiation of alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use by 400 adolescents by the spring of 8th grade (ages 13-14), and changes in initiation through 9th grade (assessed 3 times; fall, winter, and spring). We measured both parent and adolescent report of parent-youth relationship quality and parental monitoring, expecting that both perspectives would uniquely contribute.

Legalization of recreational marijuana and community sales policy in Oregon: Impact on adolescent willingness and intent to use, parent use, and adolescent use.

Studies investigating the impact of medical marijuana legalization have found no significant changes in adolescent use. In one of the few studies focused on recreational marijuana, we investigated how recreational marijuana legalization and community sales policy influenced factors that likely impact youth use (youth willingness and intent to use, parent use) as well as youth use. Legalization of recreational marijuana in Oregon coincided with our study on adolescent substance use.

A longitudinal study predicting adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use by behavioral characteristics of close friends.

Few studies have examined in detail how specific behaviors of close friends put adolescents at risk for specific types of substance use. Using a prospective, longitudinal design, we examined how well the substance use of 248 young urban adolescents was predicted by perceptions of their 3 closest friends' problematic behaviors: (1) using substances, (2) offering substances, and (3) engaging with friends in risky behavior (substance use, illegal behavior, violent behavior, or high-risk sexual behavior). Longitudinal multivariate repeated measures models were tested to predict tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use and perceived closeness was tested as a moderator of the effects of perceptions of problematic peer behavior.

School, Friends, and Substance Use: Gender Differences on the Influence of Attitudes Toward School and Close Friend Networks on Cannabis Involvement.

The school environment is extremely salient in young adolescents' lives. Adolescents who have unfavorable attitudes toward school and teachers are at elevated risk for dropping out of school and engaging in behavioral health risks. Peer network health-a summation of the positive and negative behaviors in which one's close friend group engages-may be one way by which attitudes toward school exert influence on youth substance use.

Neighborhood disorder, peer network health, and substance use among young urban adolescents.

Background: The current study investigated the moderating effect of peer networks on neighborhood disorder's association with substance use in a sample of primarily African American urban adolescents.

Methods: A convenience sample of 248 adolescents was recruited from urban health care settings and followed for two years, assessing psychological, social, and geographic risk and protective characteristics. A subset of 106 substance using participants were used for the analyses.

Electronic Cigarette Use by Youth: Prevalence, Correlates, and Use Trajectories From Middle to High School.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adolescents over time, including correlates of lifetime use by eighth grade and trajectories of current use across ninth grade.

Methods: Participants (N = 1,091) from seven school districts in Oregon, United States, completed four self-report surveys on substance use, from the spring of eighth grade (M age = 14.4 years old; standard deviation = .