Towards sustainable maritime management: A re-visit of ammonia criterion values in Southeast Asian tropical seas.

The maritime industry's shift towards ammonia as a low-carbon fuel demands a re-evaluation of environmental criteria, especially in biodiverse and yet data-sparse Southeast Asian tropical seas. To fill the knowledge gap, this study proposes an updated set of ammonia criterion values for these marine environments, detailing the development process, assumptions, and limitations. Utilizing the widely used species sensitivity distributions with over 50 regionally relevant species, the study estimates criterion values for ammonia in Southeast Asian tropical seas.