Sex difference in blood pressure response to orthostatic stress: effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

Objective: We investigated sex differences in blood pressure (BP) response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) during orthostatic stress (ORT).

Methods: Seventeen healthy young adults (males = 9; females = 8) underwent TENS or SHAM stimulus applied in the cervicothoracic region for 30 min in the supine position followed by 10 min in the orthostatic position. Electrocardiogram and BP were continuously recorded at rest and during ORT.

Effect of physical exercise on spontaneous physical activity energy expenditure and energy intake in overweight adults (the EFECT study): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Physical exercise interventions have been extensively advocated for the treatment of obesity; however, clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of exercise interventions on weight control show controversial results. Compensatory mechanisms through a decrease in energy expenditure and/or an increase in caloric consumption is a possible explanation. Several physiological mechanisms involved in the energy balance could explain compensatory mechanisms, but the influences of physical exercise on these adjustments are still unclear.