Objective Content Validation of the Hemodynamic and Technical Parameters of the Orpheus Cardiopulmonary Bypass Simulator.

The utilization of simulators for training is increasing in the professions associated with cardiac surgery. Before applying these simulators to high-stakes assessment, the simulator's output data must be validated. The aim of this study is to validate a Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) simulator by comparing the simulated hemodynamic and technical outputs to published clinical norms.

Transudative pleural effusion as an initial presentation of a disseminated cryptococcosis infection in a HIV-negative patient with cirrhosis.

To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a transudative pleural effusion with positive antigen and culture. We describe a 32-year-old male with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) who presented to an outside hospital with dyspnea and a large pleural effusion. An initial pleural fluid analysis was positive for Ag.