Complete genome of sp. strain BB002, isolated and cultivated from a site of periodontal disease.

strain BB002, was isolated from the human oral cavity on its basibiont bacterial host sp. oral taxon 171 strain F0337, related to . As a member of the within the candidate phylum radiation group (CPR), its reduced genome facilitates the survival as an ultrasmall (<0.

Identifying essential genes in using a highly-saturated transposon library.

The unique epibiotic-parasitic relationship between type strain TM7x, a member of the newly identified Candidate Phyla Radiation, now referred to as and its basibiont, strain XH001 (formerly , require more powerful genetic tools for deeper understanding of the genetic underpinnings that mediate their obligate relationship. Previous studies have mainly characterized the genomic landscape of XH001 during or post TM7x infection through comparative genomic or transcriptomic analyses followed by phenotypic analysis. Comprehensive genetic dissection of the pair is currently cumbersome due to the lack of robust genetic tools in TM7x.

Ultrasmall epibiont strain TM7x and host bacteria transcriptional activity after initial host parasitism.

Background: Oral Saccharibacteria strain TM7× lives as an ultrasmall epibiont on the surface of its host, strain XH001. Establishing this interaction is a poorly understood multi-step process. The recovery phase marks a shift in the TM7×/host interaction, switching from the early killing phase, with extensive host cell death, to a stable symbiosis phase where the host and epibiont can grow together.

Localized microbially induced inflammation influences distant healthy tissues in the human oral cavity.

Variation in human immune response to the same bacterial or viral pathogen is well established in the literature. Variation in immune response to microbial challenge has also been observed within the human oral cavity. Our recent study focused on characterizing observed variations in microbially induced gingival inflammation-resulting in three distinct clinical Inflammatory Responder Types (IRTs): High-IRT, Low-IRT, and Slow-IRT.

Specific host metabolite and gut microbiome alterations are associated with bone loss during spaceflight.

Understanding the axis of the human microbiome and physiological homeostasis is an essential task in managing deep-space-travel-associated health risks. The NASA-led Rodent Research 5 mission enabled an ancillary investigation of the gut microbiome, varying exposure to microgravity (flight) relative to ground controls in the context of previously shown bone mineral density (BMD) loss that was observed in these flight groups. We demonstrate elevated abundance of Lactobacillus murinus and Dorea sp.

Transcriptome of Epibiont Saccharibacteria Strain TM7x During the Establishment of Symbiosis.

Saccharibacteria strain TM7x is a member of the broadly distributed candidate phylum radiation. These bacteria have ultrasmall cell sizes, have reduced genomes, and live as epibionts on the surfaces of other bacteria. The mechanisms by which they establish and maintain this relationship are not yet fully understood.

Draft Genome Sequences of Nine " Nanosynbacter sp. HMT-352" Strains Cultured from the Human Oral Cavity.

Here, we report draft genome sequences for nine strains of " Nanosynbacter sp. HMT-352." These strains and their sequences were used to interrogate strain-level variations in host range, gene content, and growth dynamics among the phylum " Saccharibacteria.

Strain-Level Variation and Diverse Host Bacterial Responses in Episymbiotic Saccharibacteria.

Saccharibacteria (TM7), which are obligate episymbionts growing on the surface of host bacteria, may play an important role in oral disease, such as periodontitis (1, 2). As TM7 is a newly cultured lineage of bacteria, its research is limited by the small number of isolated representatives relative to the number of TM7 genomes assembled from culture-independent studies (3-5). A comprehensive view of both TM7 taxa and TM7 strain-level variations remains opaque.

Public interest in ∆-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC) increased in US states that restricted ∆-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) use.

Background: There is an expanding unregulated market for a psychotropic compound called ∆-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC) that is being derived from hemp, but there are no empirical estimates of public interest in this compound.

Methods: To measure public interest, we obtained yearly Google query fractions (QFs) that mentioned delta-8-THC (i.e.

Self-reported Cannabidiol (CBD) Use for Conditions With Proven Therapies.

Importance: Use of cannabidiol (CBD) has markedly increased in the past 5 years, concurrent with marketing claims that over-the-counter CBD can be used to treat almost any health condition. However, the reasons why individuals use CBD remain unclear.

Objective: To assess whether individuals are using CBD for diagnosable conditions that have evidence-based therapies.

Complete Genome Sequence of Strain BB001, a Novel Epibiont Bacterium from the Candidate Phylum (TM7).

Strain BB001 is cultivated from the human oral cavity on its basibiont bacterial host sp. It is an ultrasmall bacterium with a reduced genome that grows obligately on its bacterial host. BB001 is the first member of human microbiome taxon 957.

Acquisition and Adaptation of Ultra-small Parasitic Reduced Genome Bacteria to Mammalian Hosts.

The first cultivated representative of the enigmatic phylum Saccharibacteria (formerly TM7) was isolated from humans and revealed an ultra-small cell size (200-300 nm), a reduced genome with limited biosynthetic capabilities, and a unique parasitic lifestyle. TM7x was the only cultivated member of the candidate phyla radiation (CPR), estimated to encompass 26% of the domain Bacteria. Here we report on divergent genomes from major lineages across the Saccharibacteria phylum in humans and mammals, as well as from ancient dental calculus.

and emerge as lone survivors following long-term starvation of oral microbiota.

It is well-understood that many bacteria have evolved to survive catastrophic events using a variety of mechanisms, which include expression of stress-response genes, quiescence, necrotrophy, and metabolic advantages obtained through mutation. However, the dynamics of individuals leveraging these abilities to gain a competitive advantage in an ecologically complex setting remain unstudied. In this study, we observed the saliva microbiome throughout the ecological perturbation of long-term starvation, allowing only the species best equipped to access and use the limited resources to survive.

Pyr-GC/MS analysis of microplastics extracted from the stomach content of benthivore fish from the Texas Gulf Coast.

Fish ingestion of microplastic has been widely documented throughout freshwater, marine, and estuarine species. While numerous studies have quantified and characterized microplastic particles, analytical methods for polymer identification are limited. This study investigated the applicability of pyr-GC/MS for polymer identification of microplastics extracted from the stomach content of marine fish from the Texas Gulf Coast.

Trends in Lung Cancer and Cigarette Smoking: California Compared to the Rest of the United States.

Three cigarette smoking behaviors influence lung cancer rates: how many people start, the amount they smoke, and the age they quit. California has reduced smoking faster than the rest of the United States and trends in these three smoking behaviors should inform lung cancer trends. We examined trends in smoking behavior (initiation, intensity, and quitting) in California and the rest of United States by regression models using the 1974-2014 National Health Interview Surveys ( = 962,174).

Microplastic Abundance and Composition in Western Lake Superior As Determined via Microscopy, Pyr-GC/MS, and FTIR.

While plastic pollution in marine and freshwater systems is an active area of research, there is not yet an in-depth understanding of the distributions, chemical compositions, and fates of plastics in aquatic environments. In this study, the magnitude, distribution, and common polymers of microplastic pollution in surface waters in western Lake Superior are determined. Analytical methodology, including estimates of ambient contamination during sample collection and processing, are described and employed.

Tobacco control in California compared with the rest of the USA: trends in adult per capita cigarette consumption.

Background: In the 1990s, California led the USA in state-level tobacco control strategies. However, after 2000, California lost ground on cigarette taxes, although it maintained higher levels of smoke-free homes among smokers.

Methods: Trends in per capita cigarette consumption were assessed through taxed sales data and from self-report in repeated national cross-sectional surveys.

Stress response of a marine ammonia-oxidizing archaeon informs physiological status of environmental populations.

High representation by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in marine systems is consistent with their high affinity for ammonia, efficient carbon fixation, and copper (Cu)-centric respiratory system. However, little is known about their response to nutrient stress. We therefore used global transcriptional and proteomic analyses to characterize the response of a model AOA, Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1, to ammonia starvation, Cu limitation and Cu excess.

Metabolic crosstalk regulates Porphyromonas gingivalis colonization and virulence during oral polymicrobial infection.

Many human infections are polymicrobial in origin, and interactions among community inhabitants shape colonization patterns and pathogenic potential . Periodontitis, which is the sixth most prevalent infectious disease worldwide , ensues from the action of dysbiotic polymicrobial communities . The keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and the accessory pathogen Streptococcus gordonii interact to form communities in vitro and exhibit increased fitness in vivo .

Cross-border injection drug use and HIV and hepatitis C virus seropositivity among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California.

Background: The prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) are significantly lower among people who inject drugs (PWID) in San Diego, CA, USA compared with PWID in Tijuana, Mexico, located directly across the border. We investigated associations between cross-border injection drug use (IDU), HIV and HCV seroprevalence and engagement in injecting risk behaviours while on each side of the border.

Methods: Using baseline interviews and serologic testing data from STAHR II, a longitudinal cohort study of PWID in San Diego, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses examined associations between recent (past six months) cross-border IDU and HIV and HCV antibody seropositivity, socio-demographics, drug use characteristics, and participants' connections to, and perceptions about Mexico.

Insights into Dynamic Polymicrobial Synergy Revealed by Time-Coursed RNA-Seq.

Many bacterial infections involve polymicrobial communities in which constituent organisms are synergistically pathogenic. Periodontitis, a commonly occurring chronic inflammatory disorder, is induced by multispecies bacterial communities. The periodontal keystone pathogen and the accessory pathogen exhibit polymicrobial synergy in animal models of disease.

Proteomics of Fusobacterium nucleatum within a model developing oral microbial community.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common oral organism that can provide adhesive and metabolic support to developing periodontal bacterial communities. It is within the context of these communities that disease occurs. We have previously reported whole cell proteomics analyses of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii in early-stage communities with each other and with F.

Proteomics of Streptococcus gordonii within a model developing oral microbial community.

Background: Streptococcus gordonii is one of several species that can initiate the formation of oral biofilms that develop into the complex multispecies microbial communities referred to as dental plaque. It is in the context of dental plaque that periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis cause disease. We have previously reported a whole cell quantitative proteomics investigation of P.