Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the tongue arising within a congenital enteric cyst.

Background: Primary intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the tongue is rare. This represents the first reported case of a primary mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) of the tongue arising within a congenital enteric cyst.

Methods: A 52-year-old man presented with a midline tongue mass that was connected to the mucosal surface with an epithelial-lined sinus tract.

Osseous Dysplasia with Gross Jaw Expansion: A Review of 18 Lesions.

Fourteen cases with 18 grossly expansive lesions diagnosed over a period of 15 years as either "familial gigantiform cementoma" or "osseous dysplasia with jaw expansion" in an African population sample were reviewed. Eight lesions occurred in the anterior mandible, the maxilla was affected by four, three patients presented with more than one lesion and the most common associated pathologies were tooth displacement, conventional non expanding florid osseous dysplasia and simple bone cyst. No history of similar lesions in relatives of the diseased were recorded.

Ivory Harvesting Pressure on the Genome of the African Elephant: A Phenotypic Shift to Tusklessness.

The unique chequered pattern of elephant ivory has made it a desired commodity for the production of various works of art. The demand however outstrips the supply and with soaring prices, illegal tusk harvesting is thriving on the African continent. Formal restrictions placed on trade in elephant products have been ineffective in reversing the rapid decline in elephant numbers.

Expansive jaw lesions in chronic kidney disease: review of the literature and a report of two cases.

Chronic kidney disease is an increasing public health problem, with a worldwide prevalence estimated to be between 8% and 16%. The metabolic alterations induce bone and soft tissue changes, and the encompassing term chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder syndrome (CKD-MBD) is used to describe them. The cardinal manifestations of the syndrome are bone catabolism and soft tissue calcifications, which ultimately compromise the cardiovascular and skeletal systems.

Recent developments in metabolic bone diseases: a gnathic perspective.

Metabolic bone diseases often are asymptomatic and progress sub clinically. Many patients present at a late stage with catastrophic skeletal and extra skeletal complications. In this article, we provide an overview of normal bone remodeling and a synopsis of recent developments in the following conditions: osteoporosis, rickets/osteomalacia, endocrine-induced bone disease, chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder and Paget's disease of bone.

Second malignancies in Hodgkin's disease: A review of the literature and report of a case with a secondary Lennert's lymphoma.

A small percentage of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease are at risk of developing a second malignancy. The appearance of secondary malignancies such as leukemia, carcinoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphomas may be attributed to the mutagenic effects of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Most secondary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are of the B-cell type, but isolated cases were reportedly of a T-cell lineage.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder: an update on the pathology and cranial manifestations.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a syndrome encompassing skeletal and extra skeletal changes associated with chronic kidney disease. It progresses silently until an advanced clinical stage when complications impact on the quality of life and survival rates of patients. The maxillofacial manifestations are unique and may play an important role in the early identification of changes which could influence the management of these patients.

Peripheral odontogenic myxoma: a review of the literature and report of two cases.

Two cases of peripheral odontogenic myxoma with a verifiable location in gingival soft tissue and without bone involvement were compared with those reported in the literature. This study showed that they form a distinct albeit rare clinical entity with a potential to grow into large disfiguring lesions. The probability that small peripheral odontogenic myxomas are interpreted as edematous irritation fibromas may contribute to the small number of peripheral odontogenic myxomas recorded in the literature.

Myxofibrosarcoma arising in the maxillary sinus: a case report with a review of the ultrastructural findings and differential diagnoses.

This is a case report of a patient presenting with a destructive lesion with histologic features of a low grade malignancy in a predominantly myxoid matrix. Various low grade myxoid malignancies were considered in the differential diagnosis of which an overview is presented. A literature review of the ultrastructural findings and possible histogenesis is discussed along with the diagnostic criteria and recent change in the terminology regarding the malignancies previously diagnosed as myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytomas.

Fibro-osseous disease: harmonizing terminology with biology.

Classification systems and associated terminology are inherently slow in reflecting rapidly unfolding scientific discoveries in the mechanism and presentation of diseases. Misleading concepts, which often have historical value only, may become entrenched in the literature, leading to confusion and inaccurate communication. The purpose of this communication is to stimulate discussion and debate on inappropriate terminology associated with fibro-osseous disease that continues to be perpetuated in the literature.

Stable isotope series from elephant ivory reveal lifetime histories of a true dietary generalist.

Longitudinal studies have revealed how variation in resource use within consumer populations can impact their dynamics and functional significance in communities. Here, we investigate multi-decadal diet variations within individuals of a keystone megaherbivore species, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), using serial stable isotope analysis of tusks from the Kruger National Park, South Africa. These records, representing the longest continuous diet histories documented for any extant species, reveal extensive seasonal and annual variations in isotopic--and hence dietary--niches of individuals, but little variation between them.

Expansive osseous dysplasia: report of 9 lesions in an African population sample and a review of the literature.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to report on the clinicopathologic features of osseous dysplasias (ODs) that manifest with gross expansion in a black South African hospital population sample.

Study Design: The files of 9 histology-verified expansive ODs in 8 patients were reviewed. The clinical records and radiographs were analyzed and compared with reports in the literature.

Plasmablastic lymphomas with light chain restriction - plasmablastic extramedullary plasmacytomas?

Background: It is diagnostically difficult to differentiate plasmablastic lymphomas (PBLs) from plasma cell neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation. Plasmablastic lymphomas are currently classified as 'PBL of the oral mucosa' and 'PBL with plasmacytic differentiation'.

Methods: Forty-five cases of PBL were retrieved from the Departments of Oral Pathology of the Universities of Pretoria and Limpopo, South Africa.

The nature of fibrous dysplasia.

Fibrous dysplasia has been regarded as a developmental skeletal disorder characterized by replacement of normal bone with benign cellular fibrous connective tissue. It has now become evident that fibrous dysplasia is a genetic disease caused by somatic activating mutation of the Gsalpha subunit of G protein-coupled receptor resulting in upregulation of cAMP. This leads to defects in differentiation of osteoblasts with subsequent production of abnormal bone in an abundant fibrous stroma.

Internal morphology of ameloblastomas: a study of 24 resected specimens.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the internal macroscopic architecture of resected specimens of ameloblastoma and to correlate the findings with radiographs and microscopic features.

Study Design: Resection specimens of 24 ameloblastomas were retrieved from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology at the University of Limpopo. The neoplasms were sectioned in parallel slices and the macroscopic features recorded and each slice was radiographed and sampled for microscopic examination.

Extramedullary myeloma in an HIV-seropositive subject. Literature review and report of an unusual case.

Myeloma is characterized by monoclonal bone marrow plasmacytosis, the presence of M-protein in serum and/or in urine and osteolytic bone lesions. HIV-seropositive subjects with myeloma are younger at the time of diagnosis of the tumour and usually the myeloma has a more aggressive clinical course than it does in HIV-seronegative subjects. A case of an HIV-seropositive woman in whom myeloma was diagnosed following progressive swelling of the face, is reported.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated extranodal T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the oral cavity.

T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation of immature malignant clones. HIV-associated T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma comprises a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative neoplastic entities classified according to morphological, immunological, genetic and clinical features. Extranodal T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the oral cavity is uncommon.

Multiple congenital oral granular cell tumours in a newborn black female: a case report.

Introduction: Congenital oral granular cell tumour of the newborn is an uncommon benign tumour of uncertain origin. The typical clinical appearance is of a single nodule occurring on the anterior maxillary ridge. In 10% of cases there are multiple lesions.

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi sarcoma as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a literature review and case report.

Background: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neoplasm (HIV-KS). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in a decrease in the incidence and prevalence of HIV-KS as well as in clinical improvement. However, in a subset of subjects who are HIV seropositive, KS may recrudesce early following the introduction of HAART as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).

Calretinin expression in the differential diagnosis of human ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor.

Ameloblastoma is a benign, locally aggressive epithelial odontogenic tumor that has the potential to become malignant and produce metastasis to distant sites such as lungs and kidneys. The histologic presentation can be, in some instances, mistaken for keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) (formerly known as odontogenic keratocyst). The expression of calretinin [calbindin2 (CALB2)] was investigated on both ameloblastoma and KCOT.

HIV-associated oral Kaposi sarcoma and HHV-8: a review.

Kaposi sarcoma is the most common malignant tumour associated with HIV infection. In the majority of cases oral tissues are involved and in 22% the initial presentation is in the oral cavity. The oral lesions are either single or multifocal, and the palate, gingiva and tongue are the sites most frequently involved.

Primary malignant melanoma of the vermilion of the lip.

Malignant melanoma of the vermilion of the lip is a rare entity, and because of the common occurrence of other benign pigmented lesions, it is easily overlooked. Early diagnosis is of the utmost importance, in the first instance to minimise the risk of haematogenous, lymphatic, perineural and trans- (salivary) ductal spread. The second reason for early diagnosis is that surgery is the only effective form of treatment.

Odontogenic myxoma: review of the literature and report of 30 cases from South Africa.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to analyze the clinical and radiographic features of central odontogenic myxomas (OM) of the jaws diagnosed over 23 years in a black South African patient sample.

Study Design: Records of 30 cases of OMs with radiographs of diagnostic quality were retrieved from 52 cases of histopathologically verified OMs from the archives of the Oral Health Center at the University of Limpopo, South Africa. The age, sex, size, location, and radiographic features were compared with the literature.