Assessment of Laser Parameters to Improve Lid Tension-A Proof of Concept towards Lasercanthoplasty.

Background: Preliminary clinical work indicates that increasing eyelid tension improves the function of the meibomian glands. The aim of this study was to optimize laser parameters for a minimally invasive laser treatment to increase eyelid tension by coagulation of the lateral tarsal plate and canthus.

Methods: Experiments were performed on a total of 24 porcine lower lids post mortem, with six lids in each group.

Lateral Canthal Sling Procedure for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction? Results of a Pilot Study.

: Involutional changes of lid structures often induce horizontal lid laxity; this can result in a reduction of Meibomian gland expression, potentially leading to symptoms of dry eye. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tightening the lower eyelid via a lateral canthal sling (LCS) procedure on dry eye parameters.: Patients with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD), lower lid laxity (positive Snap-back Test and positive Pinch Test) and no previous lid surgery were evaluated before and 3 months after LCS procedure for symptoms by OSDI.

[Inflammation in Dry Eye Disease - Information on Diagnostic Testing and Therapy Using the Scientific Online Information Platform OSCB-Berlin.org].

Dry eye is considered the most common disease in ophthalmology. In recent decades, there has been intensive clinical and experimental research on this condition and our scientific knowledge of its pathophysiology has greatly expanded. The disease may be simple or severe and may lead to complex deregulation of the functional anatomy of the ocular surface, typically with a disparity between the clinical findings and the patient's symptoms.

TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report.

The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells.

Growth Hormone Influence on the Morphology and Size of the Mouse Meibomian Gland.

Purpose. We hypothesize that growth hormone (GH) plays a significant role in the regulation of the meibomian gland. To test our hypothesis, we examined the influence of GH on mouse meibomian gland structure.

Transcription, translation, and function of lubricin, a boundary lubricant, at the ocular surface.

Importance: Lubricin may be an important barrier to the development of corneal and conjunctival epitheliopathies that may occur in dry eye disease and contact lens wear.

Objective: To test the hypotheses that lubricin (ie, proteoglycan 4 [PRG4 ]), a boundary lubricant, is produced by ocular surface epithelia and acts to protect the cornea and conjunctiva against significant shear forces generated during an eyelid blink and that lubricin deficiency increases shear stress on the ocular surface and promotes corneal damage.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Human, porcine, and mouse tissues and cells were processed for molecular biological, immunohistochemical, and tribological studies, and wild-type and PRG4 knockout mice were evaluated for corneal damage.

Characterization of ocular gland morphology and tear composition of pinnipeds.

Objective: The importance of tear film integrity to ocular health in terrestrial mammals is well established, however, in marine mammals, the role of the tear film in protection of the ocular surface is not known. In an effort to better understand the function of tears in maintaining health of the marine mammal eye surface, we examined ocular glands of the California sea lion and began to characterize the biochemical nature of the tear film of pinnipeds.

Procedures: Glands dissected from California sea lion eyelids and adnexa were examined for gross morphology, sectioned for microscopic analysis, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

The lid wiper contains goblet cells and goblet cell crypts for ocular surface lubrication during the blink.

Purpose: The conjunctival side of the upper and lower inner eyelid borders, termed the lid wiper, has a thickened epithelial lip for apposition to the globe, assumed to distribute the preocular tear film. The human lid wiper structure and its goblet cells are investigated.

Methods: Conjunctival whole mounts, including lid margins from 17 eyes of human body donors, were investigated by routine histology and semithin plastic sections, using histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry.

The lid wiper and muco-cutaneous junction anatomy of the human eyelid margins: an in vivo confocal and histological study.

The inner border of the eyelid margin is critically important for ocular surface integrity because it guarantees the thin spread of the tear film. Its exact morphology in the human is still insufficiently known. The histology in serial sections of upper and lower lid margins in whole-mount specimens from 10 human body donors was compared to in vivo confocal microscopy of eight eyes with a Heidelberg retina-tomograph (HRT II) and attached Rostock cornea module.

About vital staining of the eye and eyelids. I. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the eyelid margins and the lacrimal puncta by E. Marx. 1924.

This article is a translation of the original article authored by Eugen Marx and published in 1924.1 Amazingly, many of the issues addressed in the 1924 publication are now, >80 years later, of prime interest for both understanding the lid margin and ocular surface and thus for dry eye diagnosis and treatment. To assist the reader and possibly to provoke further contemplation on a particular section of the translation, we have inserted comments, identified throughout the text.

The lid margin is an underestimated structure for preservation of ocular surface health and development of dry eye disease.

Purpose: The structure of the lid margin is insufficiently understood and defined, although it is of obvious importance in ocular surface integrity.

Methods: The structure and function of the different zones of the lid margin are explained with a focus on dry eye disease.

Results: The posterior lid margin, which is of particular significance for the integrity of the ocular surface, includes the meibomian glands that open within the cornified epidermis.

Regulation of the inflammatory component in chronic dry eye disease by the eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT).

Purpose: The physiologically protective mucosal immune system of the ocular surface consists of lymphocytes, accessory leukocytes and soluble immune modulators. Their involvement has also been observed in inflammatory ocular surface diseases, including dry eye syndrome, and we have attempted here to describe their interaction.

Methods: Our own results regarding the mucosal immune system of the human ocular surface are discussed together with the available literature on mucosal immunity and inflammatory ocular surface disease.

Corneal allograft endothelial cell replacement represents a reparative response to transplant injury.

Purpose: To elucidate the injury of corneal allograft endothelial cells (ECs) upon rejection and the subsequent replacement process of the cells.

Methods: The corneal transplantation model in an major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/II disparate Dark Agouti (DA)-Lewis combination was used. The rejection kinetics was observed in 16 cases in which the corneal opacity grade was recorded after grafting and after the onset of rejection.

Local production of secretory IgA in the eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT) of the normal human ocular surface.

Purpose: Secretory IgA (SIgA) is a critical local defense mechanism of mucosal immunity. Although the conjunctiva, as part of the ocular surface, has a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, the production of SIgA by local plasma cells and its transport is unequivocally accepted to occur only in the upstream lacrimal gland (LG). The molecular components were therefore investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and their local production verified by RT-PCR.

Anatomy and immunology of the ocular surface.

The ocular surface, in a strict sense, consists of the cornea and its major support tissue, the conjunctiva. In a wider anatomical, embryological, and also functional sense, the ocular mucosal adnexa (i.e.

Influence of the eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT) on inflammatory ocular surface disease.

Certain similarities exist in the pathophysiological processes and clinical features of advanced stages of various inflammatory ocular surface diseases, suggesting that common pathways contribute to these diseases. In this article, common pathways are analyzed with a focus on the role of the physiological resident mucosal immune system of the ocular surface, termed eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT). This is physiologically protective but if it is deregulated it can mediate an inflammatory immune answer.

Pathways of corneal and ocular surface inflammation: a perspective from the cullen symposium.

The goal of this symposium was to coalesce information presented by 22 investigators in the field of corneal and ocular surface inflammation into common pathways of inflammation. The perspective elucidated in this article defines the components of the normal ocular surface immune architecture and describes the consensus reached on the mechanisms/pathways involved in 1) acute inflammation; 2) late-stage (chronic) response; and 3) allergic disease. Seven diagrams didactically illustrate mechanisms.

Ultrastructural anatomy of CALT follicles in the rabbit reveals characteristics of M-cells, germinal centres and high endothelial venules.

Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) is a part of the eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT) at the ocular surface. Its lymphoid follicles are usually characterized by using light microscopy, but its ultrastructure remains largely unknown. In this study, flat whole-mount conjunctival tissues (n = 42) from 21 young adult rabbits were investigated native in reflected light, and further stained and cleared (n = 6), in paraffin histology sections (n = 6), scanning electron microscopy (SEM, n = 4) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, n = 4).

The role of eye-associated lymphoid tissue in corneal immune protection.

Because the cornea is optimized for refraction, it relies on supporting tissues for moistening and nutrition and in particular for immune protection. Its main support tissue is the conjunctiva, in addition to the lacrimal gland, the latter which provides soluble mediators via the tear film. The cornea and conjunctiva constitute a moist mucosal surface and there is increasing evidence that apart from innate defence mechanisms, also lymphoid cells contribute to the normal homeostasis of the corneal surface.