Resting energy expenditure in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: accuracy of available prediction formulas and development of population-specific methods.

Introduction: Energy requirements are difficult to estimate in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Resting energy expenditure (REE), necessary to implement personalized nutritional interventions, is most commonly estimated using prediction formulae since indirect calorimetry, the reference method, is not available in all nutrition units. The aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the accuracy of the most commonly used REE prediction formulae developed for healthy children, in children with CP; (2) to assess the accuracy of the REE population-specific formula for CP children proposed in our preliminary report; (3) to develop new population-specific methods.

Late-Onset Pyloric Stenosis and Intussusception With Final Diagnosis of Food Proteins' Hypersensitivity in Schaaf-Yang Syndrome: A Case Report.

Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder whose clinical spectrum includes neurodevelopment delay, dysmorphic features, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as feeding difficulties, gastroesophageal reflux, and chronic constipation. Given the small number of patients diagnosed with this syndrome, our aim is to describe novel clinical features that have not yet been reported. The patient we are describing is a 14-year-old male affected by a severe form of SYS.

Antioxidant potential of the diet in Italian children with food allergies.

A reduced fruit and vegetable consumption, which implies a decreased intake of antioxidant compounds, seems to play a role in allergic diseases onset. Data on the antioxidant capacity of diet in children with food allergies, who are on an avoidance diet, are still lacking. This pilot study aims to assess the antioxidant potential of diet in Italian children with food allergies, compared to healthy children, using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method.

Immunonutrition and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children with Obesity.

Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there has been much discussion about the role of diet and antiviral immunity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intake levels of vitamins D, C, B12, and iron have been demonstrated to be correlated with lower COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Obesity has been demonstrated to be an independent risk for the severity of COVID-19 infection in adults and also in children.

Potential Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pediatric Food Allergy.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved both in immune system regulation and inflammation. In particular, within the PUFAs category, omega-3 (ω-3) may reduce inflammation, whereas omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs are generally considered to have a proinflammatory effect. Recent evidence highlights an imbalance in the ω-3:ω-6 ratio with an increased intake of ω-6, as a consequence of the shift towards a westernized diet.

Semi-Elemental and Elemental Formulas for Enteral Nutrition in Infants and Children with Medical Complexity-Thinking about Cow's Milk Allergy and Beyond.

Children with medical complexities, such as multi-system disorders and/or neurological impairments, often experience feeding difficulties and need enteral nutrition. They frequently have impaired motility and digestive-absorbing functions related to their underlying condition. If a cow's milk allergy (CMA) occurs as a comorbidity, it is often misdiagnosed, due to the symptoms' overlap.

The Role of Carrageenan in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Allergic Reactions: Where Do We Stand?

Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds, composed of D-galactose residues linked in β-1,4 and α-1,3 galactose-galactose bond, widely used as a food additive in processed foods for its properties as a thickener, gelling agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. In recent years, with the spread of the Western diet (WD), its consumption has increased. Nonetheless, there is a debate on its safety.

Nutrient intake in school-aged children with food allergies: a case-control study.

Most studies assessed nutrient intake of young children with food allergy (FA) compared to healthy children. We aimed to compare macro- and micronutrient intake of school-aged children with FA to non-allergic children. This case-control study included 93 Italian children (52 with FA and 41 controls, median age 7.

Hydrolysed Formulas in the Management of Cow's Milk Allergy: New Insights, Pitfalls and Tips.

An allergy to cow's milk requires the avoidance of cow's milk proteins and, in some infants, the use of a hypoallergenic formula. This review aims to summarize the current evidence concerning different types of hydrolysed formulas (HF), and recommendations for the treatment of IgE- and non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy and functional gastrointestinal disorders in infancy, for which some dietary intervention and HF may be of benefit to both immune and motor mechanisms. Current guidelines recommend cow's milk protein (i.

Nutritional status of children and adolescents in three Serbian enclaves in Kosovo and Metohija.

Objective: To evaluate nutritional status of children and adolescents living in three Serbian enclaves in Kosovo and Metohija.

Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional, population-based study, enrolling children and adolescents who underwent a pediatric screening performed in the three Serbian enclaves of Gračanica, Gornje Kusce and Velika Hoča in Kosovo and Metohija. Children and adolescents (5-19 years) of all ethnic groups were evaluated in one of the three free outpatient medical facilities in rural villages in Kosovo.

Immunomodulatory diet in pediatric age.

In the last few decades, the importance of a functioning immune system and health status has become more evident. Multiple factors are able to influence the development of chronic diseases and diet is one of the most important environmental factors. Evidence demonstrates that dietary patterns high in fat and low in fiber are associated with the development of non-communicable diseases.

Esophageal Atresia: Nutritional Status and Energy Metabolism to Maximize Growth Outcome.

Background: Long-term negative sequelae of esophageal atresia (EA) may induce poor growth and impaired nutritional status in childhood. We describe the nutritional profile and energy metabolism of children with repaired EA to identify malnutrition risk factors and optimize growth management.

Methods: Twenty-one children (>4 years) were included, and anthropometric measurements, nutritional assessment, and energy metabolism were considered.

Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes.

The term complementary feeding is defined as the period in which a progressive reduction of breastfeeding or infant-formula feeding takes place, while the infant is gradually introduced to solid foods. It is a crucial time in the infant's life, not only because of the rapid changes in nutritional requirements and the consequent impact on infant growth and development, but also for a generation of lifelong flavor preferences and dietary habits that will influence mid and long-term health. There is an increasing body of evidence addressing the pivotal role of nutrition, especially during the early stages of life, and its link to the onset of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and allergic diseases.

Personalized Nutrition in Food Allergy: Tips for Clinical Practice.

Nowadays, food allergies are considered as a wide spectrum of disorders that need different approaches. The "one size fits all" approach is giving way to a "targeted approach," based on the identification of the patient's phenotype. Thus, the approach of nutritional management of food allergy has moved on from simply being "yes or no" to "how much?", "in which form?" and "for which patients?" Different factors should be considered in order to make a patient-tailored nutritional plan in clinical practice.

Growth Pattern, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Nutrient Intake of Children with Food Allergies.

Growth impairment has been reported in children with food allergies (FA). However, the available data on the dietary intake of FA children are controversial, and no data are available on their resting energy expenditure (REE). The aim of this study was to test whether REE differs between FA and healthy children.

Baby-led weaning: what a systematic review of the literature adds on.

The term weaning describes the time period in which a progressive reduction of breastfeeding or the feeding of infant-formula takes place while the infant is gradually introduced to solid foods. It is a crucial time in an infant's life as not only does it involve with a great deal of rapid change for the child, but it is also associated with the development of food preferences, eating behaviours and body weight in childhood and also in adolescence and adulthood.Therefore, how a child is weaned may have an influence later, on the individual's entire life.

Effects of a multidisciplinary weight loss intervention in overweight and obese children and adolescents: 11 years of experience.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of an outpatient multidisciplinary weight loss intervention in reducing body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents suffering overweight and obesity, changes in A Body Shape Index (ABSI, waist circumference normalized to height and weight) and Hip Index (HI, normalized hip circumference) during treatment and correlation between the ABSI and HI with change in BMI z score.

Methods: We analyze anthropometric data from pediatric patients affected by overweight and obesity aged 2 to 18 years old who entered our multidisciplinary weight loss intervention, which included medical, psychological and nutritional sessions, from January 1st 2006 to December 31st 2016. Lifestyle modification counselling was delivered.