Prognostic significance of venous invasion in node-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Venous invasion (VI) is not frequently evaluated on routine histologic examination of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the prognostic significance is largely unknown. Studies have shown that extramural venous invasion is an adverse prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the prognostic significance of venous invasion in node-negative (without clinical or pathologic evidence of lymph node involvement) HNSCC, utilizing the elastic stain.

The production of bimanual percussion in 12- to 24-month-old children.

Bimanual coordination represents a complex self-organizing system that is subject to both internal and contextual constraints. Although there has been interest in examining bimanual development throughout the lifespan, few data exist relative to the bimanual activity of children between 1 and 4 years of age. The study reported here represents an initial effort to address this gap.