Objectively measured daytime sleepiness predicts weight change among adults: Findings from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study.

Objective: Body mass index (BMI) trajectories are associated with night-time sleep, but it is not clear how they relate to daytime sleepiness in population data. This study aimed to examine longitudinal associations between levels and changes in daytime sleepiness and BMI trajectories among men and women.

Methods: We estimated growth curve models among 827 participants in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study (mean [sd] age = 55.

Declining life expectancy in the Great Lakes region: contributors to Black and white longevity change across educational attainment.

Background: The East North Central Census division (aka the Great Lakes region) experienced a decrease in life expectancy of 0.3 years from 2014 to 2016 - one of the largest declines across the nine Census divisions. Disadvantaged groups that typically have below-average life expectancy, including Black individuals and those without a college education, may have been disproportionately affected by this longevity shift.

Habitual sleep, sleep duration differential, and weight change among adults: Findings from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study.

Objectives: Assess longitudinal associations between diary-measured sleep duration and clinically assessed body mass index (BMI).

Design: Multilevel growth curve analyses examined how within-person changes and between-person differences in habitual sleep duration were associated with BMI trajectories.

Setting: Sleep diaries across 2-6 consecutive weekday and weekend nights at each data collection point, repeatedly collected at approximate 4-year intervals, for an average of 9.

THE USES AND ABUSES OF AN AGE-PERIOD-COHORT METHOD: ON THE LINEAR ALGEBRA AND STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF INTRINSIC AND RELATED ESTIMATORS.

As a sophisticated and popular age-period-cohort method, the Intrinsic Estimator (IE) and related estimators have evoked intense debate in demography, sociology, epidemiology and statistics. This study aims to provide a more holistic review and critical assessment of the overall methodological significance of the IE and related estimators in age-period-cohort analysis. We derive the statistical properties of the IE from a linear algebraic perspective, provide more precise mathematical proofs relevant to the current debate, and demonstrate the essential, yet overlooked, link between the IE and classical statistical tools that have been employed by scholars for decades.

Contributors to reduced life expectancy among Native Americans in the Four Corners States.

To assess trends in life expectancy and the contribution of specific causes of death to Native American-White longevity gaps in the Four Corners states, we used death records from the National Center for Health Statistics and population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau from 1999-2017 to generate period life tables and decompose racial gaps in life expectancy.

Polysomnographic indicators of restorative sleep and body mass trajectories in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study.

Study Objectives: Previous research suggests that reductions in restorative, slow-wave (N3), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are associated with weight gain and obesity in mid-to-late life. We extend prior work by examining how within-person (WP) changes and between-person (BP) differences in restorative sleep over several years are associated with body mass trajectories among participants in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study (WSCS).

Methods: We used data from 4,862 polysomnographic (PSG) sleep studies and physical exams collected from 1,187 WSCS participants over an average duration of 14.

Black-white disparities in 2009 H1N1 vaccination among adults in the United States: A cautionary tale for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Prior research has highlighted racial and ethnic disparities in H1N1 vaccination in the United States. Our study adds to this literature by utilizing an intersectionality framework to examine the joint influence of race and sex on H1N1 vaccination beliefs and behaviors among non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites (hereafter blacks and whites).

Methods: Using data from the National H1N1 Flu Survey of U.

Contributors to the black-white life expectancy gap in Washington D.C.

Although the black-white gap in life expectancy has been shrinking in the U.S., national improvement conceals ongoing disparities.

Does context matter? A multilevel analysis of neighborhood disadvantage and children's sleep health.

Objectives: To determine how demographic, socioeconomic, and neighborhood characteristics are associated with bedtimes among US kindergarteners.

Design: Parents reported bedtimes of their children as well as personal, household, and residential characteristics via interviews in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten (ECLS-K) Class of 1998-1999. The ECLS-K links individual households to US Census tracts.

Contributors to Wisconsin's persistent black-white gap in life expectancy.

Background: Although the black-white gap in life expectancy has narrowed in the U.S., there is considerable variability across states.

The Influence of Hispanic Ethnicity and Nativity Status on 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Vaccination Uptake in the United States.

Previous research suggests Hispanic vaccination rates for H1N1 were similar to non-Hispanic whites. These previous estimates do not take into account nativity status. Using the 2010 National Health Interview Survey, we estimate adult H1N1 vaccination rates for non-Hispanic whites (n = 8780), U.

Mind the gap: race/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity.

Race/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in obesity are substantial and may widen in the future. We review nine potential mechanisms that recent research has used to explain obesity disparities. Those nine mechanisms fall into three broad groups-health behaviors, biological factors, and the social environment-which incorporate both proximate and upstream determinants of obesity disparities.

Clarifying hierarchical age-period-cohort models: A rejoinder to Bell and Jones.

Previously, Reither et al. (2015) demonstrated that hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) models perform well when basic assumptions are satisfied. To contest this finding, Bell and Jones (2015) invent a data generating process (DGP) that borrows age, period and cohort effects from different equations in Reither et al.

Cumulative exposure to short sleep and body mass outcomes: a prospective study.

Short sleep duration is associated with excess body mass among adolescents and young adults. The mechanisms theorized to drive that association suggest that persistent exposure to short sleep should be associated with greater accumulations of body mass. We use prospective cohort data from four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994-2009; n = 14 800) to examine associations between cumulative exposure to short sleep throughout adolescence and early adulthood and obesity and elevated waist circumference outcomes.

Should age-period-cohort studies return to the methodologies of the 1970s?

Social scientists have recognized the importance of age-period-cohort (APC) models for half a century, but have spent much of this time mired in debates about the feasibility of APC methods. Recently, a new class of APC methods based on modern statistical knowledge has emerged, offering potential solutions. In 2009, Reither, Hauser and Yang used one of these new methods - hierarchical APC (HAPC) modeling - to study how birth cohorts may have contributed to the U.

Gender and reinforcing associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and body mass over the life course.

Using the 1957-1993 data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we explore reciprocal associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and body mass in the 1939 birth cohort of non-Hispanic white men and women. We integrate the fundamental cause theory, the gender relations theory, and the life course perspective to analyze gender differences in (a) the ways that early socioeconomic disadvantage launches bidirectional associations of body mass and SES and (b) the extent to which these mutually reinforcing effects generate socioeconomic disparities in midlife body mass. Using structural equation modeling, we find that socioeconomic disadvantage at age 18 is related to higher body mass index and a greater risk of obesity at age 54, and that this relationship is significantly stronger for women than men.

Monitoring receipt of seasonal influenza vaccines with BRFSS and NHIS data: challenges and solutions.

Despite the availability of vaccines that mitigate the health risks associated with seasonal influenza, most individuals in the U.S. remain unvaccinated.

Do sleep-deprived adolescents make less-healthy food choices?

Short sleep duration among children and adolescents has been reported to be associated with elevated BMI and other adverse health outcomes. Food choices are one proposed mechanism through which this association may occur. In the present study, we examined whether self-reported habitual sleep duration is associated with vegetable and fruit consumption and fast food consumption.

The impact of obesity on US mortality levels: the importance of age and cohort factors in population estimates.

Objectives: To estimate the percentage of excess death for US Black and White men and women associated with high body mass, we examined the combined effects of age variation in the obesity-mortality relationship and cohort variation in age-specific obesity prevalence.

Methods: We examined 19 National Health Interview Survey waves linked to individual National Death Index mortality records, 1986-2006, for age and cohort patterns in the population-level association between obesity and US adult mortality.

Results: The estimated percentage of adult deaths between 1986 and 2006 associated with overweight and obesity was 5.

Prenatal care, childhood obesity, and ethnic health disparities: analyses from a unique population database.

This paper explores the association between prenatal care and childhood obesity across racial/ethnic groups, with special focus on Asians, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI), and non-Hispanic Whites. Data were drawn from a statewide population-based data source that linked vital and administrative records for a large cohort of children (n=227,032). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds of overweight and obesity among children whose mothers received first trimester prenatal care versus those who did not.

New forecasting methodology indicates more disease and earlier mortality ahead for today's younger Americans.

Traditional methods of projecting population health statistics, such as estimating future death rates, can give inaccurate results and lead to inferior or even poor policy decisions. A new "three-dimensional" method of forecasting vital health statistics is more accurate because it takes into account the delayed effects of the health risks being accumulated by today's younger generations. Applying this forecasting technique to the US obesity epidemic suggests that future death rates and health care expenditures could be far worse than currently anticipated.