Relationships Between Gonadotropins, Sex Hormones, and Vascular Health in Adolescents with Normal Weight or Obesity.

Relationships between gonadotropins, sex hormones, and vascular structure and function in adolescents of varying weight statuses have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we examined associations among these in female and male adolescents with normal weight or obesity. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of adolescents ( = 58; 12-<18 years) grouped according to BMI percentile (BMI%) into normal weight (5th-<85th BMI%; = 25) and obesity (≥95th BMI%; = 33) categories.

Association between endogenous sex hormones and adiposity in youth across a weight status spectrum.

Background: While endogenous sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol) are important factors regulating adipose tissue distribution, studies evaluating such relationships in youth across a wide weight status spectrum are limited.

Liraglutide for Children 6 to <12 Years of Age with Obesity - A Randomized Trial.

Background: No medications are currently approved for the treatment of nonmonogenic, nonsyndromic obesity in children younger than 12 years of age. Although the use of liraglutide has been shown to induce weight loss in adults and adolescents with obesity, its safety and efficacy have not been established in children.

Methods: In this phase 3a trial, which consisted of a 56-week treatment period and a 26-week follow-up period, we randomly assigned children (6 to <12 years of age) with obesity, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive either once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide at a dose of 3.

Effectiveness and predictors of weight loss response to phentermine plus lifestyle modifications among youth in a paediatric weight management clinical setting.

Background: Anti-obesity medications (AOMs) are promising lifestyle modification (LSM) adjuncts for obesity treatment, and phentermine is commonly prescribed in paediatric weight management clinics. Determining 'real-world' AOM effectiveness and characteristics predicting response is important.

Objectives: We sought to describe phentermine plus LSM effectiveness and identify baseline characteristics predicting response.

Financial Incentives and Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents With Severe Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Adolescent severe obesity is usually not effectively treated with traditional lifestyle modification therapy. Meal replacement therapy (MRT) shows short-term efficacy for body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) reduction in adolescents, and financial incentives (FIs) may be an appropriate adjunct intervention to enhance long-term efficacy.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of MRT plus FIs vs MRT alone on BMI, body fat, and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents with severe obesity.

Clinical effectiveness and predictors of response to topiramate plus lifestyle modification in youth with obesity seen in a weight management clinical setting.

Introduction: Obesity affects approximately 20% of U.S. youth.

Evaluating appetite/satiety hormones and eating behaviours as predictors of weight loss maintenance with GLP-1RA therapy in adolescents with severe obesity.

Introduction: Whilst glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) are effective for treating adolescent obesity, weight loss maintenance (WLM; preventing weight regain) remains a challenge. Our goal was to investigate appetite/satiety hormones and eating behaviours that may predict WLM with exenatide (a GLP1-RA) versus placebo in adolescents with severe obesity.

Methods: Adolescents who had ≥5% body mass index (BMI) reduction with meal replacement therapy were randomized to 52 weeks of once-weekly exenatide extended release or placebo.

SMART use of medications for the treatment of adolescent severe obesity: A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial protocol.

Background: Severe obesity is a complex, chronic disease affecting nearly 9% of adolescents in the U.S. Although the current mainstay of treatment is lifestyle therapy, pediatric clinical practice guidelines recommend the addition of adjunct anti-obesity medication (AOM), such as phentermine and topiramate.

Weight Loss From Combination Anti-Obesity Medication Regimens Can Approach that Achieved From Bariatric Surgery.

Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease for which treatment remains challenging. While the cornerstone treatment is lifestyle modification, the addition of anti-obesity medications leads to greater weight reduction. In cases where monotherapy with a single anti-obesity medication results in either weight stabilization or only modest weight reduction, combination regimens can be highly effective, especially those including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

Sex non-specific growth charts and potential clinical implications in the care of transgender youth.

Introduction: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) created separate growth charts for girls and boys because growth patterns and rates differ between sexes. However, scenarios exist in which this dichotomizing "girls versus boys" approach may not be ideal, including the care of non-binary youth or transgender youth undergoing transitions consistent with their gender identity. There is therefore a need for growth charts that age smooth differences in pubertal timing between sexes to determine how youth are growing as "children" versus "girls or boys" (e.

Evaluating potential predictors of weight loss response to liraglutide in adolescents with obesity: A post hoc analysis of the randomized, placebo-controlled SCALE Teens trial.

Background: As childhood obesity prevalence increases, determining which patients respond to anti-obesity medications would strengthen personalized approaches to obesity treatment. In the SCALE Teens trial among pubertal adolescents with obesity (NCT02918279), liraglutide 3.0 mg (or maximum tolerated dose) significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score on average versus placebo.

Anti-obesity medication prescriptions by race/ethnicity and use of an interpreter in a pediatric weight management clinic.

Background: Race/ethnicity and low English proficiency healthcare disparities are well established in the United States. We sought to determine if there are race/ethnicity differences in anti-obesity medication (AOM) prescription rates among youth with severe obesity treated in a pediatric weight management clinic and if, among youth from non-primary English speaking families, there are differences in prescriptions between those using interpreters during visits versus not.

Methods: We reviewed electronic health records of 2- to 18-year-olds with severe obesity seen from 2012 to 2021.

BMI metrics and their association with adiposity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and biomarkers in children and adolescents.

Background: There are limited data comparing the relative associations of various BMI metrics with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth.

Objective: Examine correlations of 7 different BMI metrics with adiposity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and biomarkers (i.e.

Contribution of Hedonic Hunger and Binge Eating to Childhood Obesity.

Studies examining the association between hedonic hunger, that is, having frequent thoughts about food in the absence of an energy deficit, and obesity in youth show mixed results. This may be due to the confounding effect of binge eating, which has been associated with both hedonic hunger and obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which hedonic hunger is associated with obesity independent of binge eating in youth.

Effect of liraglutide treatment on body mass index and weight parameters in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes: Post hoc analysis of the ellipse trial.

Background: Weight loss in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with improved glycaemic control.

Objectives: To assess the effects of liraglutide vs placebo on body mass index (BMI) and weight parameters in children and adolescents with T2D using data from the ellipse trial (NCT01541215).

Methods: The ellipse trial randomized participants (10-<17 years old, BMI >85th percentile, T2D, glycated haemoglobin [HbA ] 7.

Adjusting for Pubertal Status Reduces Overweight and Obesity Prevalence in the United States.

Objective: To compare pediatric overweight and obesity prevalence among non-Hispanic white, Mexican American, and non-Hispanic black US youths before and after adjusting body mass index (BMI) for pubertal status, as assessed by Tanner stage.

Study Design: We analyzed cross-sectional anthropometric and pubertal data from non-Hispanic white, Mexican American, and non-Hispanic black youths in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. We developed specialized Tanner stage and chronological age-adjusted models to establish Tanner-stage adjusted BMI z-scores, which were then used to determine adjusted overweight/obesity prevalence.

Cardiovascular Risks and Benefits of Medications Used for Weight Loss.

Obesity is a complex disease influenced by many neurohormonal pathways which regulate body weight toward homeostasis. Presently, the disease of obesity effects over a billion individuals worldwide with scalable treatment options in dire need. Pharmacologic interventions for obesity have been developed to help promote weight loss in individuals with obesity.

Diabetes-Related Health Care Utilization and Dietary Intake Among Food Pantry Clients.

Consuming a diet appropriate for management of diabetes mellitus (DM) is challenging, particularly for adults with food insecurity (FI). DM-related health care services are thought to support better dietary intake. In this study, we explored associations between DM-related health care utilization and dietary intake among FI adults with DM.

Food Preferences and Coping Strategies among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Households Served by US Food Pantries.

Limited access to healthy food caused by food insecurity makes diabetes mellitus (DM) self-management more challenging. Using data from (n = 60,122 US food pantry users), we sought to understand food preferences and coping strategy utilization (e.g.

Precision medicine in adult and pediatric obesity: a clinical perspective.

It remains largely unknown as to why some individuals experience substantial weight loss with obesity interventions, while others receiving these same interventions do not. Person-specific characteristics likely play a significant role in this heterogeneity in treatment response. The practice of precision medicine accounts for an individual's genes, environment, and lifestyle when deciding upon treatment type and intensity in order to optimize benefit and minimize risk.

Severe Obesity in the Pediatric Population: Current Concepts in Clinical Care.

Purpose Of Review: This review describes (1) the clinical assessment of pediatric patients with severe obesity, including a summary of salient biological, psychological, and social factors that may be contributing to the patient's obesity and (2) the current state of treatment strategies for pediatric severe obesity, including lifestyle modification therapy, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Recent Findings: Lifestyle modification therapy alone is insufficient for achieving clinically significant BMI reduction for most youth with severe obesity and metabolic and bariatric surgery, though effective and durable, is not a scalable treatment strategy. Pharmacological agents in the pipeline may 1 day fill this gap in treatment.

The relation of peripubertal and pubertal growth to final adult height in children with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Objectives: To determine the relationships between peripubertal and pubertal timing and growth, along with glucocorticoid exposure, to the reduced final adult height seen in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Study Design: Chart review of 104 children with classic CAH (41 males: 28 salt-wasting, 13 simple-virilizing; 63 females: 38 salt-wasting, 25 simple-virilizing) were selected from a cohort from 3 medical institutions in Minnesota. Triple logistic modeling of longitudinal data was performed to determine patterns of peripubertal and pubertal growth.