Reconstruction of deep and perforating corneal defects in dogs-A review (Part II/III): Biomaterials and keratoprosthesis.

The surgical reconstruction of severe corneal ulcers is a common and crucial component of the clinical practice of veterinary ophthalmology. Numerous surgical techniques are used in dogs for corneal reconstruction, and these techniques may be categorized by the material used to repair the corneal lesion. The first part of the present review described procedures that utilize autogenous ocular tissues, homologous donor tissues, and heterologous donor tissues.

Reconstruction of deep and perforating corneal defects in dogs-A review (Part I/III): Autogenous ocular tissues, donor tissues, and corneal clarity scoring.

Corneal reconstruction is a key part of veterinary ophthalmic practice and numerous reconstructive techniques have been described for use in small animals in the peer-reviewed veterinary literature written in English. Despite the evidence accrued over the last six decades in over 40 clinical articles and numerous other publications on ocular surface health, several key areas require further study. The comparison between studies is difficult due to elements that go beyond common factors, such as the indication for surgery, the reconstructive technique preferred by the surgeon or the availability of reconstructive materials.

In vivo confocal microscopic features of canine primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective: To describe the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in dogs with primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Animals: Eight dogs with primary corneal SCC.

Procedures: Dogs diagnosed with primary corneal SCC by histopathology were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina tomograph and Rostock Cornea Module prior to surgical intervention.

Clinical applications of in vivo confocal microscopy enhance the detection and management of ocular surface disease in dogs and cats.

In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a unique imaging technique that permits noninvasive evaluation of the ocular surface on the cellular level. High-resolution images of all layers of the cornea are obtained in real-time with IVCM, and the acquired images are often comparable to ex vivo histochemical analysis of corneal biopsy specimens. The basic morphological features of the healthy living cornea as viewed by IVCM are reported in many domestic animal species, and the number of published descriptions of ocular surface pathologies in companion animals is progressively expanding.

Breed predispositions to congenital and juvenile cataracts in horses at two academic institutions.

Background: Determination of horse breeds predisposed to congenital and juvenile cataracts will enable investigations into potential genetic mechanisms for cataracts in horses.

Objective: To investigate horse breed predispositions to congenital and juvenile cataracts in two academic referral populations.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphoid hyperplasia in horses with equine herpesvirus-2 and equine herpesvirus-5 infections.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, confocal microscopic, histologic, and virologic features of horses with macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphoid hyperplasia associated with equine herpesvirus-2 and equine herpesvirus-5 infection.

Animal Studied: Four foals with bilateral ocular disease.

Procedures: Complete ophthalmic examination was performed for each horse, and corneal samples were collected for cytology and microbiologic evaluation, including virus isolation and molecular diagnostics for the equine herpesviruses.

Experimental Induction of Acute Acanthamoeba castellanii Keratitis in Cats.

Purpose: To develop a feline model of acute Acanthamoeba keratitis using methods that replicate natural routes of infection transmission.

Methods: Corneal Acanthamoeba castellanii inoculation was performed by three methods: topical inoculation with Acanthamoeba solution following corneal abrasion, placement of a contaminated contact lens for 7 days, and placement of a contaminated contact lens for 7 days following corneal abrasion. Sham inoculations with parasite-free medium and sterile contact lenses were also performed.

CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF MYCOTIC KERATITIS IN OWLS (, ) AND A WOODCOCK (): THREE CASES.

This case series describes the use of confocal microscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of mycotic keratitis in two owls (one , one ) and one woodcock (). Each bird was at increased risk of fungal infection due to recent injury or stress. Ophthalmic findings in all birds included blepharospasm, ocular discharge, ulcerative keratitis, white or yellow corneal plaques, and anterior uveitis.

Decreased corneal subbasal nerve fiber length and density in diabetic dogs with cataracts using in vivo confocal microscopy.

Objective: To determine whether there is a difference in corneal sensitivity and corneal subbasal nerve plexus (CSNP) morphology in cataractous dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM) versus without DM.

Animals Studied: Twenty six domestic dogs with cataracts of various breeds presented for phacoemulsification, 13 with DM and 13 without DM.

Procedure: The inclusion criteria for the study were dogs with bilateral cataracts and no clinical evidence of corneal disease.

Nocardia and Streptomyces keratitis in dogs: In vivo detection of filamentous bacteria by confocal microscopy.

Objective: To describe the clinical features of dogs with Nocardia and Streptomyces keratitis, including the results of in vivo confocal microscopy examinations.

Animal Studied: A 15-year-old, male-castrated, miniature Schnauzer was presented with a multilobulated, cystic, pink, ulcerated corneal mass with surrounding dense leukocyte infiltrates. Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping identified pyogranulomatous inflammation and filamentous bacteria.

Susceptibility of the Intact and Traumatized Feline Cornea to In Vitro Binding and Invasion by Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Purpose: Acanthamoeba castellanii ( A. castellanii ) displays host specificity at the level of the ocular surface. This study determined the susceptibility of the intact and traumatized feline cornea to A.

Surgical correction of third eyelid cartilage eversion in an Anglo-Nubian goat: A case report.

This case of everted third eyelid cartilage in a goat demonstrates that everted cartilage occurs in animals other than domestic dogs and cats. Everted cartilage in the goat can be treated successfully with surgical excision of the abnormally bent cartilage.

Complex Feline Disease Mapping Using a Dense Genotyping Array.

The current feline genotyping array of 63 k single nucleotide polymorphisms has proven its utility for mapping within breeds, and its use has led to the identification of variants associated with Mendelian traits in purebred cats. However, compared to single gene disorders, association studies of complex diseases, especially with the inclusion of random bred cats with relatively low linkage disequilibrium, require a denser genotyping array and an increased sample size to provide statistically significant associations. Here, we undertook a multi-breed study of 1,122 cats, most of which were admitted and phenotyped for nine common complex feline diseases at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals.

Comparative Efficacy of Topical Ophthalmic Ganciclovir and Oral Famciclovir in Cats with Experimental Ocular Feline Herpesvirus-1 Epithelial Infection.

To determine the comparative efficacy of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel and famciclovir oral tablets in cats with experimentally induced ocular feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) epithelial infection. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed using 16 nonvaccinated, specific pathogen-free cats with experimental FHV-1 infection induced by topical ocular inoculation. Cats received topical ganciclovir 0.

Sports ball projectile ocular trauma in dogs.

Objective: To describe the clinical features, management, and outcome of dogs presenting with sports ball projectile ocular injuries.

Animals Studied: Eighteen dogs.

Procedures: A retrospective study reviewing cases of ocular injury due to a sports ball projectile that presented to the Cornell University ophthalmology service between 2004 and 2021.

Retrospective evaluation of phacoemulsification and aspiration in 182 eyes: Visual outcomes and CDE-predictive value.

Objective: To determine the effect of cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) on complications and visual outcome following cataract surgery in dogs.

Animals Studied: Records of 182 canine eyes that had undergone cataract surgery.

Procedures: Retrospective medical record review was conducted on dogs that underwent unilateral or bilateral elective cataract surgery by a single surgeon.

In vivo confocal microscopic features of naturally acquired canine herpesvirus-1 and feline herpesvirus-1 dendritic and punctate ulcerative keratitis.

Objective: To describe the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) features of the corneal epithelium and stroma in dogs and cats with herpetic dendritic ulcerative keratitis.

Animals: 6 client-owned dogs and 10 client-owned cats with herpetic dendritic ulcerative keratitis (affected group) and 10 dogs and 10 cats from specific-pathogen-free laboratory colonies (nonaffected group).

Procedures: After complete ophthalmic examination, IVCM corneal examination was performed on the clinically diseased eyes of animals in the affected group and on both eyes of animals in the nonaffected group.

Applications of in vivo confocal microscopy in the management of infectious keratitis in veterinary ophthalmology.

In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a relatively new ocular imaging technique that permits morphological and quantitative assessment of the living cornea on the cellular level. The applications for IVCM in clinical ophthalmology are numerous and diverse. There are several advantages inherent to IVCM over standard diagnostic techniques currently used to confirm a diagnosis of infectious keratitis in veterinary ophthalmology.

Feline ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by larvae: four cases (2005-2020).

Case Series Summary: Described are four cats diagnosed with ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by larvae. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify cats with ophthalmomyiasis externa between 2005 and 2020 at Cornell University Hospital for Animals. Signalment, history, clinical and diagnostic findings, treatment and outcome were recorded.

Amniotic membrane grafting for traumatic complete spectaculectomy and keratomalacia in a Boelen's python (Simalia boeleni).

Objective: To describe the surgical repair of traumatic complete spectaculectomy and keratomalacia in a snake.

Animals: A 10.5-year-old, female, Boelen's python (Simalia boeleni) was presented with iatrogenic, near-complete spectaculectomy associated with bacterial keratitis, keratomalacia, and hypopyon.

Intensive ocular sampling for the detection of subclinical canine herpesvirus-1 shedding in dogs with experimentally-induced latent infection.

Latent canine herpesvirus-1 (CaHV-1) infections are common in domestic dogs, but viral shedding patterns in dogs are poorly understood. Previous research failed to detect spontaneous subclinical ocular CaHV-1 shedding in dogs following ocular infection, a situation that is fundamentally distinct from many of the alphaherpesviruses closely related to CaHV-1. One possible explanation for this finding is that the sampling interval in the prior studies evaluating ocular shedding patterns was too infrequent to detect rapidly cleared, brief ocular viral shedding episodes.

Phylogenomic Analysis of Global Isolates of Canid Alphaherpesvirus 1.

Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) is a widespread pathogen of dogs with multiple associated clinical signs. There has been limited prior investigation into the genomics and phylogeny of this virus using whole viral genome analysis. Fifteen CHV-1 isolates were collected from animals with ocular disease based in the USA.

sclerokeratitis in a cat.

Case Description: A 12-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat with chronic anterior uveitis and secondary glaucoma of the right eye was examined for persistent blepharospasm 2 weeks after corneal debridement and grid keratotomy for nonhealing superficial ulcerative keratitis.

Clinical Findings: Examination of the right eye revealed a central superficial corneal ulcer associated with corneal epithelial and subepithelial infiltrates and mild aqueous flare. Structures consistent with amoeboid cysts and trophozoites were detected in the cornea by in vivo confocal microscopy.

Choroidal melanocytic tumors in dogs: A retrospective study.

Objective: To describe clinical features of dogs diagnosed with choroidal melanocytic tumors at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals Studied: Retrospective case series of 13 dogs (14 melanocytic tumors) with choroidal melanocytic tumors.

Procedures: Medical records of dogs evaluated by the Cornell University ophthalmology service with a clinical diagnosis of a choroidal melanocytic tumor between 2008 and 2020 were reviewed.