SARS-CoV-2 transmission among children and staff in daycare centres during a nationwide lockdown in France: a cross-sectional, multicentre, seroprevalence study.

Background: The extent to which very young children contribute to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is unclear. We aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in daycare centres that remained open for key workers' children during a nationwide lockdown in France.

Methods: Children and staff who attended one of 22 daycare centres during a nationwide lockdown in France (between March 15 and May 9, 2020) were included in this cross-sectional, multicentre, seroprevalence study.

Antiphospholipid syndrome and other autoimmune diseases associated with chronic intervillositis.

Objectives: Chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology (CIUE) is characterized by an intervillous infiltrate of mononuclear cells and a high recurrence rate of adverse obstetrical outcomes. The aim was to describe obstetrical history in patients with at least one event characterized by CIUE, and the possible impact of systematic investigation of an underlying autoimmune disease on the obstetrical outcome of subsequent pregnancies.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all pregnancies in patients having experienced at least one adverse obstetric outcome associated with chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology diagnosed by placental histological analysis between 2004 and 2011 in our university hospital.

Autism spectrum disorders in babies born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome.

Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of babies born to mothers with primary antiphospholipid syndrome and to compare to the outcomes of babies of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods: A retrospective study from 2003 to 2010 assessing the clinical characteristics and psychomotor development, as well as the immunological data, of children born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (group 1) and systemic lupus erythematosus (group 2).

Results: Group 1 consisted of 36 children born to mothers (n = 26) with a primary APS.

Evaluation of nevirapine dosing recommendations in HIV-infected children.

Aims: Nevirapine (NVP) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used for chronic human immunodeficiency virus infections in adults and children. The aims of this study were to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of NVP in children, establish factors that influence NVP pharmacokinetics and evaluate the current dosing recommendations.

Methods: Concentrations were measured on a routine basis in 94 children aged from 2 months to 17 years.

European registry of babies born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe the long-term outcome and immunological status of children born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome, to determine the factors responsible for childhood abnormalities, and to correlate the child's immunological profile with their mothers.

Methods: A prospective follow-up of a European multicentre cohort was conducted. The follow-up consisted of clinical examination, growth data, neurodevelopmental milestones and antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) screening.

Outcomes and treatment of obstetrical antiphospholipid syndrome in women with low antiphospholipid antibody levels.

Our objective was to determine whether there is a relationship between low antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody levels and the obstetrical complications of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and to analyze the impact of conventional APS treatment in patients with low aPL levels. To this end, we retrospectively reviewed the files of all patients referred to our unit (2003-2010) for unexplained pregnancy morbidity, with an aPL test result. We compared patients with APS confirmed by Sapporo criteria (Group 1) with patients with APS-like obstetrical complications with an aPL titer below the intermediate titer (Group 2).

Germline gain-of-function mutations of ALK disrupt central nervous system development.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a frequent embryonal tumor of sympathetic ganglia and adrenals with extremely variable outcome. Recently, somatic amplification and gain-of-function mutations of the anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene, either somatic or germline, were identified in a significant proportion of NB cases. Here we report a novel syndromic presentation associating congenital NB with severe encephalopathy and abnormal shape of the brainstem on brain MRI in two unrelated sporadic cases harboring de novo, germline, heterozygous ALK gene mutations.

Performance of HIV-1 DNA or HIV-1 RNA tests for early diagnosis of perinatal HIV-1 infection during anti-retroviral prophylaxis.

Objective: To compare performance of testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 DNA and HIV-1 RNA for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants receiving preventive antiretroviral therapy.

Study Design: This substudy of the French multicenter prospective cohort of neonates born to HIV-infected mothers, included 1567 infants tested for HIV with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a single laboratory, receiving post-natal prophylaxis, not breastfed, and having simultaneous HIV-1 DNA and RNA results before 45 days. The performance of PCR was assessed in reference to the 6-month HIV-1 RNA result.

Isolated congenital asplenia: a French nationwide retrospective survey of 20 cases.

Objective: To better describe the natural history, mode of inheritance, and the epidemiological and clinical features of isolated congenital asplenia, a rare and poorly understood primary immunodeficiency.

Study Design: A French national retrospective survey was conducted in hospital pediatric departments. A definitive diagnosis of ICA was based on the presence of Howell-Jolly bodies, a lack of detectable spleen, and no detectable cardiovascular malformation.

Late postnatal HIV infection in children born to HIV-1-infected mothers in a high-income country.

Objective: To evaluate the risk of late postnatal HIV-1 infection in nonbreastfed children enrolled in the French ANRS Cohort CO01 (EPF).

Methods: The EPF cohort has prospectively enrolled HIV-infected mother/child pairs with a low proportion of known breastfeeding (<0.2%).

Uncomplicated outcome after an accidental overdose of nevirapine in a newborn.

We report the first case of a massive accidental overdose of nevirapine in a 1-week newborn, due to confusion between nevirapine (Viramune) and nelfinavir (Viracept). The drug was eliminated spontaneously and quickly. We only observed mild neutropenia and hyperlactatemia, which regressed on its own without any clinical complication.

Tuberculosis in adolescents: A French retrospective study of 52 cases.

Background: The only available data about tuberculosis (TB) among adolescents date back to the 1980s, although the incidence of tuberculosis has been increasing in this age group.

Methods: Medical records were reviewed for all adolescents aged 12 to 18 years hospitalized with the diagnosis of TB in Avicenne/Jean Verdier Teaching hospital (Seine-Saint-Denis, suburb of Paris) between September 2000 and December 2004.

Results: Of the 52 patients identified, 52% were female.

Early versus deferred antiretroviral multidrug therapy in infants infected with HIV type 1.

Background: The clinical impact of early antiretroviral multidrug therapy on the risk of early-onset severe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has not been evaluated on a large scale.

Methods: We evaluated the risk of early-onset events associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), particularly the risk of encephalopathy, among infants in the French Perinatal Cohort, according to whether antiretroviral multidrug therapy was initiated before or after the age of 6 months.

Results: Of 83 HIV-infected infants born in 1996 (when HAART became available) or later, 40 received early treatment on or before the age of 6 months, and 43 received deferred multidrug therapy after the age of 6 months.