Sub-Lethal Effects of Copper on Salmonids: An Avoidance Evaluation Using a Direct Test Method.

Avoidance of copper (Cu) by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated using a Y-maze exposure system, with data collected over a 1-h exposure period using a digital camcorder. In exposures to five measured concentrations of dissolved copper (<0.3, 1.