The association of HDL-cholesterol levels with incident major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality in 0.6 million individuals with type 2 diabetes: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

Background: High levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are previously considered protective against cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but recent studies suggest an increased risk of adverse events at very high HDL-C levels in the general population. It remains to be elucidated such a relationship in diabetes, a condition with high cardiovascular risks. We examined the association of HDL-C levels with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality in type 2 diabetes.

Risks of stroke, its subtypes and atrial fibrillation associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists versus sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: a real-world population-based cohort study in Hong Kong.

Background: There are limited data on head-to-head comparative risk of stroke between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA). We compared risk of stroke with its subtypes and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) between them.

Methods: A population-based, retrospective cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes between 2008 and 2020 were identified from the electronic health records of Hong Kong Hospital Authority.

Fracture risks associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes patients across eGFR and albuminuria categories: A population-based study in Hong Kong.

Aims: To evaluate major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) risk among type 2 diabetes patients treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) across eGFR and albuminuria categories.

Methods: A population-based cohort of type 2 diabetes patients started on SGLT2i or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) during 2007-2020 was identified from Hong Kong Hospital Authority database. One-to-one propensity score matching was applied to match each SGLT2i user with one DPP4i user.

Evaluation of Fracture Risk Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Different Oral Anticoagulants.

Objective: Patients with type 2 diabetes are at higher risk for fracture risk because of attenuated bone turnover and impaired bone microarchitecture. The comparative effect of warfarin over non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) on incident fractures among patients with type 2 diabetes comorbid with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains to be elucidated.

Research Design And Methods: This was a retrospective, propensity score-weighted, population-based cohort study of adults with type 2 diabetes and AF who were started on warfarin or NOAC between 2005 and 2019 identified from an electronic database of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority.

Who reports insufficient and disturbed sleep? Results from a representative population-based health survey in Hong Kong.

Objectives: To highlight the prevalence of sleep problems and identify associated risk factors among a representative sample recruited from the general population of Hong Kong.

Design, Setting And Participants: Participants included 12 022 individuals (aged 15 or above) who took part in the Population Health Survey 2014/15, a territory-wide survey conducted by the Department of Health of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Primary And Secondary Outcome Measures: Outcomes were the prevalence of (1) insufficient sleep (<6 hours sleep per day) and (2) any sleep disturbance (difficulty initiating sleep, intermittent awakenings, early awakening) ≥3 times per week in the past 30 days.

Ten-Year Effectiveness of the Multidisciplinary Risk Assessment and Management Programme-Diabetes Mellitus (RAMP-DM) on Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Objective: The Risk Assessment and Management Programme-Diabetes Mellitus (RAMP-DM) is a protocol-driven, risk-stratified, and individualized management program offered by a multidisciplinary team in addition to usual care for primary care patients with diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of RAMP-DM for preventing complications and mortality over 10 years.

Research Design And Methods: A population-based, prospective cohort study of adult patients with type 2 diabetes managed in the Hong Kong public primary health care system between 2009 and 2010 was conducted.

Kidney outcomes associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors versus glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: A real-world population-based analysis.

Background: Kidney benefits have been demonstrated for both sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to compare the impacts of SGLT2i and GLP1RA on the trend of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other kidney outcomes.

Methods: Using a real-world population-based database, the Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HA) database, of patients with type 2 diabetes between January 2008 and December 2020, patients started on SGLT2i were compared with those started on GLP1RA, with one-to-one propensity-score matching.

Cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes, interaction with metformin and role of erythrocytosis: a self-controlled case series study.

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have proven cardiovascular benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This self-controlled case series study aims to evaluate whether metformin use and SGLT2i-associated erythrocytosis influence its cardiovascular benefits.

Methods: T2D patients with metformin and/or SGLT2i prescriptions between 2015 and 2020 were identified from the Hong Kong population.

Development and validation of a diabetes mellitus and prediabetes risk prediction function for case finding in primary care in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study and a prospective study protocol paper.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major non-communicable disease with an increasing prevalence. Undiagnosed DM is not uncommon and can lead to severe complications and mortality. Identifying high-risk individuals at an earlier disease stage, that is, pre-diabetes (pre-DM), is crucial in delaying progression.

Cardio-renal outcomes and the direct medical cost of type 2 diabetes patients treated with sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A population-based cohort study.

Aims: To compare cardio-renal outcomes and incurred direct medical costs of patients initiating sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA).

Methods: A population-based cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes was identified from Hong Kong Hospital Authority. Patients who were free from cardiovascular and end-stage renal diseases at baseline, and newly treated with SGLT2i (n = 2,541) or GLP-1RA (n = 303), were included.

Unintentional Injury Burden in Hong Kong: Results from a Representative Population-Based Survey.

Unintentional injuries are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Although generally perceived as accidents, it is possible to identify those at higher risk and implement appropriate prevention measures. This study aims to investigate the common causes of unintentional injuries and their associated risk factors among a large representative sample.

Association between health behaviours and cardiometabolic dysregulation: a population-based survey among healthy adults in Hong Kong.

Objective: To explore the association between cardiometabolic dysregulation, an integral component of allostatic load, and health risk behaviours (HRBs) of the Hong Kong healthy adult population.

Design: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional anonymous data.

Setting: Data on sociodemographics, self-reported health status, HRBs and biomarkers were extracted from the Hong Kong Population Health Survey 2014/2015.

Generative adversarial networks for imputing missing data for big data clinical research.

Background: Missing data is a pervasive problem in clinical research. Generative adversarial imputation nets (GAIN), a novel machine learning data imputation approach, has the potential to substitute missing data accurately and efficiently but has not yet been evaluated in empirical big clinical datasets.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of GAIN in imputing missing values in large real-world clinical datasets with mixed-type variables.

Trend in health-related quality of life and health utility and their decrements due to non-communicable diseases and risk factors: analysis of four population-based surveys between 1998 and 2015.

Purpose: To revisit the population norms of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and health utility for the Hong Kong general population, compare these scores over past health surveys, and assess the association of scores with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors.

Methods: HRQoL data measured by the standard Short Form 12 Health Survey-version 2 (SF-12v2) were extracted from the surveys in 1998, 2003/2004, 2008/2009 and 2014/2015. SF-12v2 data were mapped to the Short-form 6-dimension (SF-6D) preference-based measure to generate the health utility scores.

Burden of CKD and Cardiovascular Disease on Life Expectancy and Health Service Utilization: a Cohort Study of Hong Kong Chinese Hypertensive Patients.

Background: The relative effects of combinations of CKD, heart disease, and stroke on risk of mortality, direct medical costs, and life expectancy are unknown.

Methods: In a retrospective cohort study of 506,849 Chinese adults in Hong Kong with hypertension, we used Cox regressions to examine associations between all-cause mortality and combinations of moderate CKD (eGFR of 30-59 ml/min per 1.73 m), severe CKD (eGFR of 15-29 ml/min per 1.