Artificial intelligence education in medical imaging: A scoping review.

Background: The rise of Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping healthcare, particularly in medical imaging. In this emerging field, clinical imaging personnel need proper training. However, formal AI education is lacking in medical curricula, coupled with a shortage of studies synthesising the availability of AI curricula tailored for clinical imaging personnel.

Singapore radiographers' perceptions and expectations of artificial intelligence - A qualitative study.

Introduction: With the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging, radiographers are likely to be at the forefront of this technological advancement. Studies have therefore been conducted recently to understand radiographers' opinions on AI adoption. This study extends that work by using a qualitative approach to further explore radiographers' knowledge, perceptions, and expectations of AI.

Evaluation of inter- and intra-observer variations in prostate gland delineation using CT-alone CT/TPUS.

Background: This study aims to explore the role of four-dimensional (4D) transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) in the contouring of prostate gland with planning computed tomography (CT) images, in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials And Methods: Five radiation oncologists (ROs) performed two rounds of prostate gland contouring (single-blinded) on CT-alone and CT/TPUS datasets obtained from 10 patients who underwent TPUS-guided external beam radiotherapy. Parameters include prostate volume, DICE similarity coefficient (DSC) and centroid position.

Classifying attentional vulnerability to total sleep deprivation using baseline features of Psychomotor Vigilance Test performance.

There are strong individual differences in performance during sleep deprivation. We assessed whether baseline features of Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) performance can be used for classifying participants' relative attentional vulnerability to total sleep deprivation. In a laboratory, healthy adults (n = 160, aged 18-30 years) completed a 10-min PVT every 2 h while being kept awake for ≥24 hours.

Effects of total sleep deprivation on divided attention performance.

Dividing attention across two tasks performed simultaneously usually results in impaired performance on one or both tasks. Most studies have found no difference in the dual-task cost of dividing attention in rested and sleep-deprived states. We hypothesized that, for a divided attention task that is highly cognitively-demanding, performance would show greater impairment during exposure to sleep deprivation.

Nonlinear Dynamics Measures for Automated EEG-Based Sleep Stage Detection.

Background: The brain's continuous neural activity during sleep can be monitored by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The EEG wave pattern and frequency vary during five stages of sleep. These subtle variations in sleep EEG signals cannot be easily detected through visual inspection.

Changes in Plasma Lipids during Exposure to Total Sleep Deprivation.

Study Objectives: The effects of sleep loss on plasma lipids, which play an important role in energy homeostasis and signaling, have not been systematically examined. Our aim was to identify lipid species in plasma that increase or decrease reliably during exposure to total sleep deprivation.

Design: Twenty individuals underwent sleep deprivation in a laboratory setting.

Risk scoring for prediction of acute cardiac complications from imbalanced clinical data.

Fast and accurate risk stratification is essential in the emergency department (ED) as it allows clinicians to identify chest pain patients who are at high risk of cardiac complications and require intensive monitoring and early intervention. In this paper, we present a novel intelligent scoring system using heart rate variability, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), and vital signs where a hybrid sampling-based ensemble learning strategy is proposed to handle data imbalance. The experiments were conducted on a dataset consisting of 564 chest pain patients recruited at the ED of a tertiary hospital.

Individual differences in physiologic measures are stable across repeated exposures to total sleep deprivation.

Some individuals show severe cognitive impairment when sleep deprived, whereas others are able to maintain a high level of performance. Such differences are stable and trait-like, but it is not clear whether these findings generalize to physiologic responses to sleep loss. Here, we analyzed individual differences in behavioral and physiologic measures in healthy ethnic-Chinese male volunteers (n = 12; aged 22-30 years) who were kept awake for at least 26 h in a controlled laboratory environment on two separate occasions.

Diurnal regulation of lipid metabolism and applications of circadian lipidomics.

The circadian timing system plays a key role in orchestrating lipid metabolism. In concert with the solar cycle, the circadian system ensures that daily rhythms in lipid absorption, storage, and transport are temporally coordinated with rest-activity and feeding cycles. At the cellular level, genes involved in lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation are rhythmically activated and repressed by core clock proteins in a tissue-specific manner.

Effects of exposure to intermittent versus continuous red light on human circadian rhythms, melatonin suppression, and pupillary constriction.

Exposure to light is a major determinant of sleep timing and hormonal rhythms. The role of retinal cones in regulating circadian physiology remains unclear, however, as most studies have used light exposures that also activate the photopigment melanopsin. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to alternating red light and darkness can enhance circadian resetting responses in humans by repeatedly activating cone photoreceptors.

Sustained attention performance during sleep deprivation associates with instability in behavior and physiologic measures at baseline.

Study Objectives: To identify baseline behavioral and physiologic markers that associate with individual differences in sustained attention during sleep deprivation.

Design: In a retrospective study, ocular, electrocardiogram, and electroencephalogram (EEG) measures were compared in subjects who were characterized as resilient (n = 15) or vulnerable (n = 15) to the effects of total sleep deprivation on sustained attention.

Setting: Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore.

Extensive diversity in circadian regulation of plasma lipids and evidence for different circadian metabolic phenotypes in humans.

The circadian system regulates daily rhythms in lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function. Although disruption of circadian clock function is associated with negative cardiometabolic end points, very little is known about interindividual variation in circadian-regulated metabolic pathways. Here, we used targeted lipidomics-based approaches to profile the time course of 263 lipids in blood plasma in 20 healthy individuals.

Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptors play different roles in mediating pupillary light responses during exposure to continuous light in humans.

In mammals, the pupillary light reflex is mediated by intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells that also receive input from rod-cone photoreceptors. To assess the relative contribution of melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptors to the pupillary light reflex in humans, we compared pupillary light responses in normally sighted individuals (n = 24) with a blind individual lacking rod-cone function. Here, we show that visual photoreceptors are required for normal pupillary responses to continuous light exposure at low irradiance levels, and for sustained pupillary constriction during exposure to light in the long-wavelength portion of the visual spectrum.

Heart rate variability can be used to estimate sleepiness-related decrements in psychomotor vigilance during total sleep deprivation.

Study Objectives: To assess whether changes in psychomotor vigilance during sleep deprivation can be estimated using heart rate variability (HRV).

Design: HRV, ocular, and electroencephalogram (EEG) measures were compared for their ability to predict lapses on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT).

Setting: Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore.

Automated detection of sleep apnea from electrocardiogram signals using nonlinear parameters.

Sleep apnoea is a very common sleep disorder which can cause symptoms such as daytime sleepiness, irritability and poor concentration. To monitor patients with this sleeping disorder we measured the electrical activity of the heart. The resulting electrocardiography (ECG) signals are both non-stationary and nonlinear.

Analysis and automatic identification of sleep stages using higher order spectra.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are widely used to study the activity of the brain, such as to determine sleep stages. These EEG signals are nonlinear and non-stationary in nature. It is difficult to perform sleep staging by visual interpretation and linear techniques.

Towards using photo-plethysmogram amplitude to measure blood pressure during sleep.

There is considerable interest in non-intrusive and reliable continuous ambulatory blood pressure measurement systems. Pulse amplitude is the peak to trough amplitude of the photo-plethysmogram signal. We compared pulse amplitude with a currently popular parameter, the pulse arrival time (PAT), for estimating continuous systolic blood pressure (SBP).