Community policing does not build citizen trust in police or reduce crime in the Global South.

Is it possible to reduce crime without exacerbating adversarial relationships between police and citizens? Community policing is a celebrated reform with that aim, which is now adopted on six continents. However, the evidence base is limited, studying reform components in isolation in a limited set of countries, and remaining largely silent on citizen-police trust. We designed six field experiments with Global South police agencies to study locally designed models of community policing using coordinated measures of crime and the attitudes and behaviors of citizens and police.

Voter information campaigns and political accountability: Cumulative findings from a preregistered meta-analysis of coordinated trials.

Voters may be unable to hold politicians to account if they lack basic information about their representatives' performance. Civil society groups and international donors therefore advocate using voter information campaigns to improve democratic accountability. Yet, are these campaigns effective? Limited replication, measurement heterogeneity, and publication biases may undermine the reliability of published research.

Plasmapheresis for Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the Neurosurgical Patient.

Background And Importance: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder associated with a hypercoagulable state and increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative thrombosis. Few neurosurgical studies have examined the management of these patients, though the standard of care in most other disciplines involves the use of anticoagulation therapy. However, this is associated with risks such as hemorrhage, thrombosis due to warfarin withdrawal, and is not compatible with operative intervention.

Predictors of 30-day readmission after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE Despite persisting questions regarding its appropriateness, 30-day readmission is an increasingly common quality metric used to influence hospital compensation in the United States. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to identify which patients are at highest risk for readmission after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The objective of this study was to identify predictors of 30-day readmission after SAH, to focus preventative efforts, and to provide guidance to funding agencies seeking to risk-adjust comparisons among hospitals.

Intraparenchymal meningioma within the basal ganglia of a child: A case report.

Intraparenchymal meningiomas are rare. To date, no such lesion has been reported within the basal ganglia of a paediatric patient. Here, we describe the case of a 15-year-old-boy who presented with symptoms referable to a cystic, calcified, left basal ganglia intraparenchymal meningioma and discuss the surgical management of this lesion.

Utility of Screening for Cerebral Vasospasm Using Digital Subtraction Angiography.

Background And Purpose: Cerebral arterial vasospasm (CVS) is a common complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage strongly associated with neurological deterioration and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). The utility of screening for CVS as a surrogate for early detection of DCI, especially in patients without clinical signs of DCI, remains uncertain.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 116 aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients who underwent screening digital subtraction angiography to determine the association of significant CVS and subsequent development of DCI.

A Phase I proof-of-concept and safety trial of sildenafil to treat cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Objective: Studies show that phosphodiesterase-V (PDE-V) inhibition reduces cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and improves outcomes after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study was performed to investigate the safety and effect of sildenafil (an FDA-approved PDE-V inhibitor) on angiographic CVS in SAH patients.

Methods: A2-phase, prospective, nonrandomized, human trial was implemented.

Acute rupture of a feeding artery aneurysm after embolization of a brain arteriovenous malformation.

Background: Staged endovascular embolization of large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is frequently performed to gradually reduce flow and prevent abrupt hemodynamic changes. While feeding artery aneurysms have been associated with increased risk of hemorrhage in the setting of AVMs, decisions regarding if and when to treat these aneurysms vary. Acute, fatal rupture of a feeding artery aneurysm following embolization of a large, unruptured AVM has been infrequently reported in the literature.

Surgical Revascularization in North American Adults with Moyamoya Phenomenon: Long-Term Angiographic Follow-up.

Background: North American and Asian forms of moyamoya have distinct clinical characteristics. Asian adults with moyamoya are known to respond better to direct versus indirect revascularization. It is unclear whether North American adults with moyamoya have a similar long-term angiographic response to direct versus indirect bypass.

High flow EC-IC bypass for a giant left MCA aneurysm.

Giant cerebral aneurysms may be treated through a variety of options, including aneurysm trapping with concurrent bypass. This video describes the case of a large, recurrent, left middle cerebral artery aneurysm that was treated using a high flow, radial artery bypass graft, from the external carotid artery to the left temporal M2 branch. A step-by-step operative description, with emphasis on proper microsurgical technique, is included.

Timing and nature of in-house postoperative events following uncomplicated elective endovascular aneurysm treatment.

Object: Most patients with asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular methods are closely observed overnight in an intensive care unit setting for complications, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, cardiac dysfunction, and groin access complications. The purpose of this study was to analyze the timing, nature, and rate of in-house postoperative events.

Methods: Patients who underwent endovascular treatment or retreatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms from March 2002 to June 2012 were identified from a prospective case log and their medical records were reviewed.

Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas without superior ophthalmic vein enlargement.

Purpose: Diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) relies on clinical findings, such as proptosis, chemosis, and pulsatile tinnitus, plus imaging features including enlargement of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). This study reviewed patients with CCF, with a focus on those who were clinically symptomatic but had a normal-appearing SOV on routine scans.

Methods: Retrospective review was conducted on the clinical records of patients with CCF seen by ophthalmology or interventional neuroradiology, with attention to clinical and imaging features, angiography findings, management, and outcomes.

Advances and surgical considerations in the treatment of moyamoya disease.

Moyamoya is a rare disorder that involves steno-occlusive arterial changes of the anterior circulation, along with proliferative development of basal arterial collaterals. It is either idiopathic (called moyamoya disease) or the result of a specific underlying condition such as atherosclerosis, radiation therapy, or sickle cell disease (called moyamoya syndrome or phenomenon). In recent years, numerous insights into and advances in the understanding, evaluation, and management of moyamoya patients have occurred.

Genetic determinants of cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Despite extensive effort to elucidate the cellular and molecular bases for delayed cerebral injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), the pathophysiology of these events remains poorly understood. Recently, much work has focused on evaluating the genetic underpinnings of various diseases in an effort to delineate the contribution of specific molecular pathways as well as to uncover novel mechanisms. The majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage genetic research has focused on gene expression and linkage studies of these markers as they relate to the development of intracranial aneurysms and their subsequent rupture.

The complement cascade: new avenues in stroke therapy.

Recent evidence has shown that after the initial occlusion, a large portion of stroke patients achieve some degree of reperfusion either through collateral circulation or clot dissolution. However, it appears that this reperfusion may lead to increased inflammation-induced damage. Even though the exact mechanism of this secondary injury is unclear, several experimental studies have indicated an intimate connection between complement and this secondary form of damage.