GPs' awareness of pregnancy: trends and association with hazardous medication use.

Background: GPs have been shown to be important providers of medical care during pregnancy, however, little evidence exists on their awareness of pregnancy when prescribing medication to women.

Aim: To assess GPs' awareness of pregnancy and its association with prescribing medication with potential safety risks.

Design And Setting: Population-based study using confirmed pregnancy records linked to GP records from the PHARMO Perinatal Research Network.

Association of neighbourhood socioeconomic trajectories with preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age in the Netherlands: a nationwide population-based study.

Background: Adverse birth outcomes have serious health consequences, not only during infancy but throughout the entire life course. Most evidence linking neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) to birth outcomes is based on cross-sectional SES measures, which do not reflect neighbourhoods' dynamic nature. We investigated the association between neighbourhood SES trajectories and adverse birth outcomes, i.

Changes in Family Poverty Status and Child Health.

Objectives: In this study, we aim to assess the associations over time between poverty and child weight status, asthma, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods: We analyzed data for 3968 children from the Generation R Study, a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. Net household income and the number of adults and children living from this income were measured at 4 time-points (during pregnancy and at ages 2, 3, and 6).

Incentives for Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy: An Ethical Framework.

Introduction: Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of morbidity and mortality of the mother and child. The inability of the unborn child to protect itself, raises the social and academic responsibility to protect the child from the harmful effects of smoking. Interventions including rewards (incentives) for lifestyle changes are an upcoming trend and can encourage women to quit smoking.

Prenatal folate, homocysteine and vitamin B levels and child brain volumes, cognitive development and psychological functioning: the Generation R Study.

Previous studies have suggested that prenatal maternal folate deficiency is associated with reduced prenatal brain growth and psychological problems in offspring. However, little is known about the longer-term impact. The aims of this study were to investigate whether prenatal maternal folate insufficiency, high total homocysteine levels and low vitamin B12 levels are associated with altered brain morphology, cognitive and/or psychological problems in school-aged children.

Fetal and infant growth patterns and left and right ventricular measures in childhood assessed by cardiac MRI.

Objectives: Early life is critical for cardiac development. We examined the associations of longitudinal fetal and childhood growth patterns with childhood right and left ventricular structures measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods: In a population-based prospective cohort study among 2827 children, we measured growth at 20 and 30 weeks of pregnancy, at birth, 0.

Neighborhood Deprivation and the Effectiveness of Mobile Health Coaching to Improve Periconceptional Nutrition and Lifestyle in Women: Survey in a Large Urban Municipality in the Netherlands.

Background: In 2011, we launched the Smarter Pregnancy mobile health (mHealth) coaching program, which has shown to effectively improve inadequate nutrition and lifestyle behaviors in women before and during pregnancy. It is known that in deprived neighborhoods, risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes like inadequate nutrition and lifestyle behaviors accumulate. However, it has not yet been investigated whether the Smarter Pregnancy program is equally effective in women living in deprived neighborhoods.

Maternal blood pressure and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and childhood respiratory morbidity: the Generation R Study.

Pre-eclampsia is associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, wheezing and asthma in later childhood. Currently, there are no studies available investigating maternal blood pressure measurements during multiple time-points in pregnancy and respiratory outcome measures in the child.We examined the associations of maternal blood pressure and hypertensive disorders with the risk of lower lung function, wheezing and asthma in children aged 10 years.

Perceptions of pregnancy preparation in women with a low to intermediate educational attainment: A qualitative study.

Objective: in the promotion of periconceptional health, appropriate attention has to be given to the perceptions of those who are most vulnerable, such as women with a relatively low socioeconomic status based on their educational attainment. The aim of this study was to explore these women's perceptions of pregnancy preparation and the role they attribute to healthcare professionals.

Design: we conducted semi-structured interviews with women with a low to intermediate educational attainment and with a desire to conceive, of which a subgroup had experience with preconception care.

Maternal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels during pregnancy and childhood lung function and asthma. The Generation R Study.

Objective: To examine the associations of maternal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels during pregnancy with childhood lung function and asthma, and whether adverse pregnancy outcomes and atopic predisposition modify the associations.

Methods: In a population-based prospective cohort study among 3672 subjects, we measured maternal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in early pregnancy, and lung function by spirometry and current asthma by questionnaire at age 10 years.

Results: Higher maternal hematocrit levels, both continuously and categorized into clinical cut-offs, were associated with lower forced expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF ) in children (Z-score (95%CI): -0.

Associations of Maternal Vitamin B12 Concentration in Pregnancy With the Risks of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data.

Vitamin B12 (hereafter referred to as B12) deficiency in pregnancy is prevalent and has been associated with both lower birth weight (birth weight <2,500 g) and preterm birth (length of gestation <37 weeks). Nevertheless, current evidence is contradictory. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of individual participant data to evaluate the associations of maternal serum or plasma B12 concentrations in pregnancy with offspring birth weight and length of gestation.

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2017.

The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes and causal pathways leading to normal and abnormal growth, development and health from fetal life, childhood and young adulthood. This multidisciplinary study focuses on several health outcomes including behaviour and cognition, body composition, eye development, growth, hearing, heart and vascular development, infectious disease and immunity, oral health and facial growth, respiratory health, allergy and skin disorders of children and their parents.

Periconceptional maternal biomarkers of one-carbon metabolism and embryonic growth trajectories: the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict Study).

Objective: To study the associations between the periconceptional maternal biomarkers of one-carbon metabolism and embryonic growth.

Design: Prospective, periconceptional hospital-based birth cohort.

Setting: Tertiary medical care center.

Stimulation of Thyroid Function by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Thyroid Disease and a Mechanism for Known Risk Factors.

Background: Thyroid autoimmunity is a major risk factor for gestational thyroid disease, and recently various other risk factors have been identified, including maternal age, body mass index (BMI) and parity. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is an important determinant of gestational thyroid function, yet it is unknown to what extent differences in hCG concentration affect the risk for thyroid disease. We have recently shown that thyroperoxidase antibody positivity impairs the thyroidal response to hCG stimulation, which may suggest that this is a mechanism through which thyroid autoimmunity acts as a risk factor for thyroid disease.

Impact of early- and late-onset preeclampsia on features of placental and newborn vascular health.

Introduction: Offspring exposed to preeclampsia (PE) show an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. We hypothesize that this is mediated by a disturbed vascular development of the placenta, umbilical cord and fetus. Therefore, we investigated associations between early-onset PE (EOPE), late-onset PE (LOPE) and features of placental and newborn vascular health.

Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcome and an Abnormal Vertebral Pattern: A Systematic Review.

Importance: The human vertebral column has a stable number of vertebrae and ribs, which is presumably the result of evolutionary selection. An association between an abnormal vertebral pattern, especially in the cervical region, and congenital anomalies or adverse fetal outcome has been reported.

Objective: The aim of this study was to review the current literature concerning an abnormal vertebral pattern and prevalence of cervical ribs in healthy subjects and in subjects with adverse outcome.

Sex-specific differences in fetal and infant growth patterns: a prospective population-based cohort study.

Background: The objective of this study was to assess whether sex-specific differences in fetal and infant growth exist.

Methods: This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective birth cohort. In total, 8556 live singleton births were included.

Influence of Maternal Gestational Hypertensive Disorders on Microvasculature in School-Age Children: The Generation R Study.

Gestational hypertensive disorders may lead to vascular changes in the offspring. We examined the associations of maternal blood pressure development and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy with microvasculature adaptations in the offspring in childhood. This study was performed as part of the Generation R Study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (2002-2012), among 3,748 pregnant mothers and their children for whom information was available on maternal blood pressure in different periods of pregnancy and gestational hypertensive disorders.

Fetal first trimester growth is not associated with kidney outcomes in childhood.

Background: Impaired fetal growth is associated with increased risks of kidney diseases in later life. Because human development rates are highest during the first trimester, this trimester may be a particularly critical period for kidney outcomes. We have therefore examined the association of fetal first trimester growth with kidney outcomes in childhood.

Helicobacter pylori colonization and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, spontaneous prematurity, and small for gestational age birth.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE), small for gestational age (SGA), and spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) each may be complications of impaired placental function in pregnancy. Although their exact pathogenesis is still unknown, certain infectious agents seem to play a role. Helicobacter pylori (H.