Combined effect of constant high voltage electrostatic field and variable frequency pulsed electromagnetic field on the morphology of calcium carbonate scale in circulating cooling water systems.

Research on scale inhibition is of importance to improve the heat transfer efficiency of heat exchangers. The combined effect of high voltage electrostatic and variable frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on calcium carbonate precipitation was investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. Using energy dispersive spectrum analysis, the predominant phase was found to be CaCO(3).

[Relationship between condylar marrow signal abnormalities and temporomandibular joint internal derangement].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between condylar marrow signal abnormalities and temporomandibular joint internal derangement (TMJID).

Methods: Oblique sagittal T1 weighted MR imaging at closed and open mouth and Oblique sagittal T2 weighted MR imaging at closed mouth were obtained from 88 joints of 44 patients suffering from TMD. Condylar marrow signal abnormalities were reviewed and classified into bone marrow edema pattern (hypointense T1, hyperintense T2), sclerosis pattern (hypointense T1 and hypointense T2) and combined edema and sclerosis pattern.

[Relationship between condylar marrow signal abnormalities and temporomandibular joint pain].

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between condylar marrow signal abnormalities and joint pain.

Methods: Oblique sagittal T1 and T2 weighted MR imaging at closed mouth was obtained from 88 joints of 44 patients who complained of unilateral TMJ pain. The condylar marrow signal of pain-free side served as self-control.