Rhodium Catalyst Structural Changes during, and Their Impacts on the Kinetics of, CO Oxidation.

Catalysts can undergo structural changes during the reaction, affecting the number and/or the shape of active sites. For example, Rh can undergo interconversion between nanoparticles and single atoms when CO is present in the reaction mixture. Therefore, calculating a turnover frequency in such cases can be challenging as the number of active sites can change depending on the reaction conditions.

Stable and Active Oxidation Catalysis by Cooperative Lattice Oxygen Redox on SmMnO Mullite Surface.

The correlation between lattice oxygen (O) binding energy and O oxidation activity imposes a fundamental limit in developing oxide catalysts, simultaneously meeting the stringent thermal stability and catalytic activity standards for complete oxidation reactions under harsh conditions. Typically, strong O binding indicates a stable surface structure, but low O oxidation activity, and . Using nitric oxide (NO) catalytic oxidation as a model reaction, we demonstrate that this conflicting correlation can be avoided by cooperative lattice oxygen redox on SmMnO mullite oxides, leading to stable and active oxide surface structures.

Diurnal variation of intensive running in food-deprived rats.

Manipulation of the food supply can induce either intense hyperactive wheel running or a fatal activity anorexia in rats that is strongly analogous to that seen in humans. The abnormal behaviour is accompanied by alterations in the diurnal pattern of activity. As part of a detailed study of hyperactivity and anorexia, spontaneous wheel running by male rats was studied under three conditions: ad libitum feeding; restriction to 15 g of food per day; and restriction to a single 90-min meal per day.

The applied importance of research on the matching law.

In this essay, we evaluate the applied implications of two articles related to the matching law and published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, May 1994. Building on Mace's (1994) criteria for increasing the applied relevance of basic research, we evaluate the applied implications of basic research studies. Research by Elsmore and McBride (1994) and Savastano and Fantino (1994) involve an extension of the behavioral model of choice.

Activity anorexia: An interplay between basic and applied behavior analysis.

The relationship between basic research with nonhumans and applied behavior analysis is illustrated by our work on activity anorexia. When rats are fed one meal a day and allowed to run on an activity wheel, they run excessively, stop eating, and die of starvation. Convergent evidence, from several different research areas, indicates that the behavior of these animals and humans who self-starve is functionally similar.

Endurance training decreases serum testosterone levels in men without change in luteinizing hormone pulsatile release.

Cross-sectional studies have suggested that total and bioavailable testosterone levels are reduced in some male athletes. Such changes may be related to loss of body weight, increased serum cortisol, and/or alterations in LH pulsatile release. To determine how endurance training may affect androgen levels, we measured serum total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free androgen index, LH, FSH, PRL, cortisol, and weight in 15 previously sedentary males.

Suppression of food deprivation-induced high-rate wheel running in rats.

To test for involvement of endogenous opioids in the maintenance of high-rate running we have administered naloxone, a specific opioid antagonist, to rats. The animals were stabilized voluntarily running 6000 to 8000 m/day through a standard protocol and maintained in this state on approximately 18 g of food per day. Naloxone (50 mg/kg in saline) or saline alone was injected intraperitoneally on alternate days for 20 days.

Prevention of myocardial disease in JCR:LA-corpulent rats by running.

The JCR:LA-corpulent rat is a congenic strain that, if homozygous for the cp gene, is obese with a very low-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia and is insulin resistant. The male corpulent rats develop atherosclerotic lesions of the major arteries and myocardial lesions. Corpulent and lean male rats were induced through mild food restriction to run intensively (approximately 6,000 m/day) from 6 wk to 6 mo of age.

Induction of voluntary prolonged running by rats.

The rat is widely used in studies of the metabolic and physiological effects of physical exercise. The most commonly used form of exercise is running on treadmills or mechanically driven running wheels. Rats will not voluntarily run significant distances, under normal circumstances.

Deprivation and satiation: The interrelations between food and wheel running.

Two experiments were designed to assess whether depriving rats of food would increase the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running (Experiment 1) and whether satiation for wheel running would decrease the reinforcement effectiveness of food (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, a progressive-ratio schedule was used to measure the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running when rats were deprived or not deprived of food. Completion of a fixed number of lever presses released a brake on a running wheel for 60 s, and the response requirement was systematically increased until the rat stopped pressing or until 8 hr had elapsed.

The basic importance of applied behavior analysis.

We argue that applied behavior analysis is relevant to basic research. Modification studies, and a broad range of investigations that focus on the precipitating and maintaining conditions of socially significant human behavior, have basic importance. Applied behavior analysis may aid basic researchers in the design of externally valid experiments and thereby enhance the theoretical significance of basic research for understanding human behavior.

Choice, matching, and human behavior: A review of the literature.

This review concerns human performance on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Studies indicate that humans match relative behavior to relative rate of reinforcement. Herrnstein's proportional matching equation describes human performance but most studies do not evaluate the equation at the individual level.

Applied behavior analysis: New directions from the laboratory.

Applied behavior analysis began when laboratory based principles were extended to humans inorder to change socially significant behavior. Recent laboratory findings may have applied relevance; however, the majority of basic researchers have not clearly communicated the practical implications of their work. The present paper samples some of the new findings and attempts to demonstrate their applied importance.

What happened to analysis in applied behavior analysis?

This paper addresses the current help-oriented focus of researchers in applied behavior analysis. Evidence from a recent volume of JABA suggests that analytic behavior is at low levels in applied analysis while cure-help behavior is at high strength. This low proportion of scientific behavior is apparantly related to cure-help contingencies set by institutions and agencies of help and the editorial policies of JABA itself.