Selective or routine face mask application for breathing support of preterm infants at birth: a randomised trial.

Background: Most preterm infants breathe spontaneously at birth. Despite this, the majority have a face mask immediately applied for breathing support. Face mask application may inhibit spontaneous breathing in newborn infants.

Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Urgent Intubation of Newborn Infants.

Background: Repeated attempts at endotracheal intubation are associated with increased adverse events in neonates. When clinicians view the airway directly with a laryngoscope, fewer than half of first attempts are successful. The use of a video laryngoscope, which has a camera at the tip of the blade that displays a view of the airway on a screen, has been associated with a greater percentage of successful intubations on the first attempt than the use of direct laryngoscopy in adults and children.

Newborn face mask ventilation training using a standardised intervention and respiratory function monitor: a before and after manikin study.

Objective: The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has recommended improvements in training for neonatal resuscitation, highlighting the potential role of respiratory function monitors (RFMs). Our objective was to determine whether a manikin-based, standardised face mask ventilation training intervention using an RFM with a simple visual display reduced face mask leak.

Design: Multicentre, before and after study.

The history of neonatal intubation.

Interest in 'resurrecting' the lifeless by supporting breathing has been described since ancient times. For centuries, methods of resuscitating animals, then humans and specifically the 'lifeless' neonate were debated and discussed. Over time, with experimentation and worldwide collaboration, endotracheal tubes and laryngoscopes specific to the newborn were created and their use refined.

Tidal volumes during delivery room stabilization of (near) term infants.

Background: We sought to assess tidal volumes in (near) term infants during delivery room stabilization.

Methods: Secondary analysis of a prospective study comparing two facemasks used for positive pressure ventilation (PPV) in newborn infants ≥ 34 weeks gestation. PPV was provided with a T-piece device with a PIP of 30 cmHO and positive end-expiratory airway pressure of 5 cmHO.

Effects of tactile stimulation on spontaneous breathing during face mask ventilation.

Objective: We sought to determine the effect of stimulation during positive pressure ventilation (PPV) on the number of spontaneous breaths, exhaled tidal volume (VTe), mask leak and obstruction.

Design: Secondary analysis of a prospective, randomised trial comparing two face masks.

Setting: Single-centre delivery room study.

Time to desaturation in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal intubation.

Background: Neonatal endotracheal intubation is often associated with physiological instability. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommends a time-based limit (30 s) for intubation attempts in the delivery room, but there are limited physiological data to support recommendations in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We aimed to determine the time to desaturation after ceasing spontaneous or assisted breathing in preterm infants undergoing elective endotracheal intubation in the NICU.

Physiological responses to facemask application in newborns immediately after birth.

Objective: Application of a face mask may induce apnoea and bradycardia, possibly via the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). We aimed to describe rates of apnoea and bradycardia in term and late-preterm infants following facemask application during neonatal stabilisation and compare the effects of first facemask application with subsequent applications.

Design: Subgroup analysis of a prospective, randomised trial comparing two face masks.

Interfaces for non-invasive neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To perform a systematic review of trials comparing interfaces for delivering non-invasive PPV to a newborn in the delivery room (DR).

Methods: MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL and COCHRANE databases were searched on March 1, 2020 and 2826 articles were screened. The review was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in neonatal sepsis.

Background: Efficient and accurate diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is challenging. The potential impact for a reduction in morbidity and mortality as well as antibiotic usage has stimulated the ongoing search for biomarkers of early sepsis. The objective of this pilot study was to quantify the levels of sTREM-1 and correlate with blood cultures and inflammatory markers in neonates evaluated for sepsis.

Educational Perspectives: Toward More Effective Neonatal Resuscitation: Assessing and Improving Clinical Skills.

Newborn deaths following birth asphyxia remain a significant global problem, and effective resuscitation by well-trained professionals may reduce mortality and morbidity. Clinicians are often responsible for teaching newborn resuscitation to trainees. Multiple educational methods are used to teach these skills, but data supporting their efficacy are limited.

Respiratory monitors to teach newborn facemask ventilation: a randomised trial.

Objective: The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has found that there is a need for high-quality randomised trials of training interventions that improve the effectiveness of resuscitation skills. The objective of this study was to determine whether using a respiratory function monitor (RFM) during mask ventilation training with a manikin reduces facemask leak.

Design: Stratified, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial.

Smaller facemasks for positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants: A randomised trial.

Aim: Facial measurements of preterm infants indicate that standard diameter facemasks used during positive pressure ventilation are too large, which may lead to mask leak and compromise resuscitation. We aimed to determine whether the use of a facemask that better complies with the dimensions of preterm faces, compared with a standard facemask, reduces facemask leak.

Methods: Parallel group, randomised controlled trial.

Suction Mask vs Conventional Mask Ventilation in Term and Near-Term Infants in the Delivery Room: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To compare the suction mask, a new facemask that uses suction to create a seal between the mask and the infant's face, with a conventional soft, round silicone mask during positive pressure ventilation (PPV) in the delivery room in newborn infants >34 weeks of gestation.

Study Design: Single-center randomized controlled trial in the delivery room. The primary outcome was mask leak.

Identification of dysregulated genes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process resulting from the accumulation of genetic mutations and subsequently leading to dysregulated genes, but the number and identity of differentially expressed genes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is unknown at present. In order to identify dysregulated genes, we examined the relative mRNA expression present in cutaneous SCC and its precursor lesion actinic keratosis (AK) by comparison to normal skin. Snap frozen biopsies from 20 specimens of normal skin, 10 AK, and 10 cutaneous SCC were examined.