Epigenetics Is Implicated in the Basis of Gender Incongruence: An Epigenome-Wide Association Analysis.

Introduction: The main objective was to carry out a global DNA methylation analysis in a population with gender incongruence before gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT), in comparison to a cisgender population.

Methods: A global CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) methylation analysis was performed on blood from 16 transgender people before GAHT vs. 16 cisgender people using the Illumina© Infinium Human Methylation 850k BeadChip, after bisulfite conversion.

Implications of the Estrogen Receptor Coactivators SRC1 and SRC2 in the Biological Basis of Gender Incongruence.

Introduction: Brain sexual differentiation results from the effects of sex steroids on the developing brain. The presumptive route for brain masculinization is the direct induction of gene expression via activation of the estrogen receptors α and β and the androgen receptor through their binding to ligands and to coactivators, regulating the transcription of multiple genes in a cascade effect.

Aim: To analyze the implication of the estrogen receptor coactivators SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3 in the genetic basis of gender incongruence.

Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Modifies the CpG Methylation Pattern of the ESR1 Gene Promoter After Six Months of Treatment in Transmen.

Background: Brain sexual differentiation is a process that results from the effects of sex steroids on the developing brain. Evidence shows that epigenetics plays a main role in the formation of enduring brain sex differences and that the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) is one of the implicated genes.

Aim: To analyze whether the methylation of region III (RIII) of the ESR1 promoter is involved in the biological basis of gender dysphoria.

Analysis of Four Polymorphisms Located at the Promoter of the Estrogen Receptor Alpha ESR1 Gene in a Population With Gender Incongruence.

Introduction: Gender incongruence defines a state in which individuals feel discrepancy between the sex assigned at birth and their gender. Some of these people make a social transition from male to female (trans women) or from female to male (trans men). By contrast, the word cisgender describes a person whose gender identity is consistent with their sex assigned at birth.