Prevalence of drugs used for chronic conditions after diagnosis of thyroid cancer: a register-based cohort study.

Objective: Little is known about thyroid cancer survivors' risk of chronic conditions. We, therefore, investigated the prevalence of drugs used for chronic conditions among thyroid cancer patients using population-wide register data.

Methods: We linked data from the Cancer Registry of Norway to the Norwegian Prescription Database and other databases for a study population of 3.

Incidence trends of adult glioma in Norway and its association with occupation and education: A registry-based cohort study.

Background: Gliomas constitute 75 % of all malignant primary adult brain tumors. Being the most frequent histologic subtype, glioblastomas (GBMs) cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide and the Nordic countries have some of the highest incidence rates in the world. Therefore, we investigated the incidence of gliomas in Norway including time trends and associations with education and occupation.

Associations between pregnancy-related factors and birth characteristics with risk of rare uterine cancer subtypes: a Nordic population-based case-control study.

Purpose: Uterine sarcomas are a rare group of uterine malignancies. Due to the low incidence and changes in uterine sarcoma classification, risk factors are not well characterized. Our objective was to evaluate risk factors for uterine sarcoma and compare risk factors between uterine sarcoma, malignant mixed Mullerian tumors (MMMTs), and type I endometrial carcinomas.

Body mass index, triglyceride-glucose index, and prostate cancer death: a mediation analysis in eight European cohorts.

Background: Insulin resistance is a hypothesised biological mechanism linking obesity with prostate cancer (PCa) death. Data in support of this hypothesis is limited.

Methods: We included 259,884 men from eight European cohorts, with 11,760 incident PCa's and 1784 PCa deaths during follow-up.

ADHD medication discontinuation and persistence across the lifespan: a retrospective observational study using population-based databases.

Background: Although often intended for long-term treatment, discontinuation of medication for ADHD is common. However, cross-national estimates of discontinuation are missing due to the absence of standardised measures. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of ADHD treatment discontinuation across the lifespan and to describe similarities and differences across countries to guide clinical practice.

Fetal Exposure to Preeclampsia and Later Risk of Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: Fetal preeclampsia exposure has been associated with later cardiometabolic disease. However, this association has been investigated in few large population-wide studies, and it is unknown whether the association represents a causal relationship or is the result of shared etiological factors.

Methods: To further investigate the relationship between preeclampsia exposure and later cardiometabolic disease, we identified 1 692 944 singleton infants born in Norway during 1967 to 1997, where 44 299 were exposed to preeclampsia in utero.

Cancer risk in the siblings of individuals with major birth defects: a large Nordic population-based case-control study.

Background: Individuals with major birth defects are at increased risk of developing cancer, indicating a common aetiology. However, whether the siblings of individuals with birth defects are also at an increased risk of cancer is unclear.

Methods: We used nationwide health registries in four Nordic countries and conducted a nested case-control study.

Metformin Versus Insulin and Risk of Major Congenital Malformations in Pregnancies With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nordic Register-Based Cohort Study.

Objective: To assess the risk of major congenital malformations with metformin versus insulin in pregnancies with type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: This cohort study used four Nordic countries' nationwide registers of live and stillborn infants exposed to metformin or insulin during first trimester organogenesis. Main exclusion criteria were type 1 diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, fertility treatment, and exposure to other diabetes drugs.

Incidence and prevalence of drugs used for chronic diseases in survivors of adult-onset gynaecological cancer - A nationwide cohort study.

Objectives: To evaluate both incidence and prevalence of drugs used for chronic diseases in survivors of adult-onset gynaecological cancer.

Design: A prospective study.

Setting: Population-based registries.

Atomoxetine in Early Pregnancy and the Prevalence of Major Congenital Malformations: A Multinational Study.

Most research on safety of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications during pregnancy concerns central nervous system stimulants, while little is known about the safety of atomoxetine, a primary treatment alternative. We assessed the prevalence of major congenital malformations overall, and cardiac malformations and limb malformations specifically, after first-trimester exposure. In this cohort study, we included all approximately 2.

Metabolically (un)healthy obesity and risk of obesity-related cancers: a pooled study.

Background: Studies of obesity with or without metabolic aberrations, commonly termed metabolically unhealthy or healthy obesity, in relation to cancer risk are scarce.

Methods: We investigated body mass index (normal weight, overweight, obesity) jointly and in interaction with metabolic health status in relation to obesity-related cancer risk (n = 23 630) among 797 193 European individuals. A metabolic score comprising mid-blood pressure, plasma glucose, and triglycerides was used to define metabolically healthy and unhealthy status.

Comparative Safety of Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy for Major Malformations.

Objective: This study was undertaken to examine the comparative safety of antiseizure medication (ASM) monotherapy in pregnancy with respect to risk of major congenital malformations (MCMs), overall and by MCM subtype.

Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study using national health register data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (1996-2020). We compared pregnancies with first trimester exposure to lamotrigine monotherapy to ASM-unexposed, carbamazepine, valproate, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and topiramate to lamotrigine monotherapy, and stratified monotherapy groups by dose.

Sex differences in childhood cancer risk among children with major birth defects: a Nordic population-based nested case-control study.

Background: Childhood cancer is more common among children with birth defects, suggesting a common aetiology. Whether this association differs by sex is unclear.

Methods: We performed a population-based nested case-control study using nationwide health registries in four Nordic countries.

Maternal Health, Pregnancy and Offspring Factors, and Maternal Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Nordic Population-Based Registry Study.

Thyroid cancer incidence is higher in women than men, especially during the reproductive years, for reasons that remain poorly understood. Using population-based registry data from 4 Nordic countries through 2015, we examined associations of perinatal characteristics with risk of maternal thyroid cancer. Cases were women diagnosed with thyroid cancer ≥2 years after last birth (n = 7,425, 83% papillary).

Labor epidural analgesia and subsequent risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a cross-national cohort study of 4.5 million individuals and their siblings.

Background: A recent study has suggested that labor epidural analgesia may be associated with increased rates of offspring autism spectrum disorder. Subsequent replication attempts have lacked sufficient power to confidently exclude the possibility of a small effect, and the causal nature of this association remains unknown.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the extent to which exposure to labor epidural analgesia is associated with offspring autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder following adjustments for unmeasured familial confounding.

Interaction of leisure-time physical activity with body mass index on the risk of obesity-related cancers: A pooled study.

Physical activity (PA) has been associated with a lower risk of some obesity-related cancers, but the combined association and interaction of PA and body weight on obesity-related cancer risk is less clear. We examined the association of leisure-time PA (high/low) and its combination with body mass index (BMI, <25 [low]/≥25 [high] kg/m ) on obesity-related cancer risk in 570 021 individuals, aged 43 years on average at baseline, in five Scandinavian cohorts. We used Cox regression to calculate hazard ratios of obesity-related cancers (n = 19 074) and assessed multiplicative and additive interactions between PA and BMI on risk.

Male to female ratios in autism spectrum disorders by age, intellectual disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: To examine the gender distribution in ASD in adults compared with children and the impact of comorbid intellectual disability (ID) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the male to female ratio (MFR).

Methods: We estimated the MFR and the male prevalence ratio (PR) for ASD in adults and children using the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, including all individuals born during 1967-2011. We examined variation with age, comorbid ID and ADHD as defined by diagnoses in the Norwegian Patient Registry during 2008-2015 and/or a dispensed prescription for ADHD medication.

Use of sildenafil and other phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors among pregnant women in Scandinavia.

Introduction: For phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, such as sildenafil, the only approved indication in women is for pulmonary arterial hypertension. These drugs are increasingly being proposed and tested for treatment of female infertility and complications in pregnancy. However, the extent of use of PDE5 inhibitors in the general pregnant population over the last decades is unknown.

The Inverse Association of Body Mass Index with Lung Cancer: Exploring Residual Confounding, Metabolic Aberrations and Within-Person Variability in Smoking.

Background: The inverse observational association between body mass index (BMI) and lung cancer risk remains unclear. We assessed whether the association is explained by metabolic aberrations, residual confounding, and within-person variability in smoking, and compared against other smoking-related cancers.

Methods: We investigated the association between BMI, and its combination with a metabolic score (MS) of mid-blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides, with lung cancer and other smoking-related cancers in 778,828 individuals.

Metabolic factors and the risk of small intestine cancers: Pooled study of 800 000 individuals in the metabolic syndrome and cancer project.

To explore the largely unknown etiology of small intestine cancer, we examined metabolic factors and risk of small intestine cancer overall and by subtypes. Among 404 220 women and 403 265 men in six European cohorts, we applied Cox regression with adjustment for smoking and body mass index (BMI), to calculate sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of small intestine cancer by levels of BMI, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. We also calculated HRs for these factors combined (metabolic score; MetS) and used Wald test statistics to investigate pairwise interactions between metabolic factors on risk.

Maternal health, in-utero, and perinatal exposures and risk of thyroid cancer in offspring: a Nordic population-based nested case-control study.

Background: Thyroid cancer tends to be diagnosed at a younger age (median age 51 years) compared with most other malignancies (such as breast cancer [62 years] or lung cancer [71 years]). The incidence of thyroid cancer is higher in women than men diagnosed from early adolescence. However, few in-utero and early life risk exposures associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer have been identified.

Sex differences in parent-offspring recurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder sharing genetic risk factors with other common psychiatric disorders. However, intergenerational recurrence patterns of ADHD from parents to sons and daughters are not known. We aimed to examine the risk of ADHD in offspring of parents with ADHD and parents with other psychiatric disorders by parental and offspring sex, using parents without the specific disorders as comparison.

Cancer risk in individuals with major birth defects: large Nordic population based case-control study among children, adolescents, and adults.

Objective: To examine associations between birth defects and cancer from birth into adulthood.

Design: Population based nested case-control study.

Setting: Nationwide health registries in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.