Outer Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Composition, and Biological Functions.

has been recognized not only as a causative agent of a spectrum of gastroduodenal diseases including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer, but also as the culprit in several extra-gastric diseases. However, the association of infection with extra-gastric diseases remains elusive, prompting a reevaluation of the role of -derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Like other gram-negative bacteria, constitutively sheds biologically active OMVs for long-distance delivery of bacterial virulence factors in a concentrated and protected form, averting the need of direct bacterial contact with distant host cells to induce extra-gastric diseases associated with this gastric pathogen.

Association Between Biofilm Formation and Structure and Antibiotic Resistance in .

Background: Persistent infections caused by (), which are resistant to antibiotic treatment, pose a growing global public health concern. Biofilm formation is known to be associated with persistent infections due to its role in enhancing antimicrobial resistance and the tolerance of many pathogenic bacteria.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the biofilm formation of clinical isolates of and its impact on antibiotic eradication.

Revealing the associated microflora hosted by the globally significant parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis is a parasitic helminth that primarily infects small ruminants, causing substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. Exploring the microbiome of this helminth might provide insights into the potential influence of its microbial community on the parasite's survival. We characterised the intestinal microbiome of T.

Polymorphism of virulence genes and biofilm associated with in vitro induced resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori.

Background: Clarithromycin-containing triple therapy is commonly used to treat Helicobacter pylori infections. Clarithromycin resistance is the leading cause of H. pylori treatment failure.

Quantitative PCR of string-test collected gastric material: A feasible approach to detect Helicobacter pylori and its resistance against clarithromycin and levofloxacin for susceptibility-guided therapy.

Background: As the reduced eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), we introduced string-test and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for susceptibility-guided therapy innovatively. The practicality of the string test was evaluated.

Savory, Oregano and Thyme Essential Oil Mixture (HerbELICO) Counteracts .

Fifty percent of the world's population is infected with which can trigger many gastrointestinal disorders. eradication therapy consists of two to three antimicrobial medicinal products, but they exhibit limited efficacy and may cause adverse side effects. Alternative therapies are urgent.

Chromosome-length genome assembly of Teladorsagia circumcincta - a globally important helminth parasite in livestock.

Background: Gastrointestinal (GIT) helminthiasis is a global problem that affects livestock health, especially in small ruminants. One of the major helminth parasites of sheep and goats, Teladorsagia circumcincta, infects the abomasum and causes production losses, reductions in weight gain, diarrhoea and, in some cases, death in young animals. Control strategies have relied heavily on the use of anthelmintic medication but, unfortunately, T.

Contribution of the Immune Response in the Ileum to the Development of Diarrhoea caused by Helminth Infection: Studies with the Sheep Model.

Gastrointestinal helminths are a global health issue, for humans as well as domestic animals. Most studies focus on the tissues that are infected with the parasite, but here we studied the ileum, a tissue that is rarely infected by helminths. We tested whether inflammation in the ileum contributes to the development and severity of diarrhoea, by comparing sheep that are susceptible (n = 4) or resistant (n = 4) to the disease.

Microbiome data reveal significant differences in the bacterial diversity in freshwater rohu (Labeo rohita) across the supply chain in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The present study aimed to characterize and compare the skin and gut microbial communities of rohu at various post-harvest stages of consumption using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA-based amplicon sequencing. Real-time PCR amplification detected higher copy numbers for coliform bacteria-Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Shigella spp. in the marketed fish-compared to fresh and frozen samples.

Bacterial communities in the gastrointestinal tract segments of helminth-resistant and helminth-susceptible sheep.

Background: Helminth parasitism is a world-wide problem in livestock industries, with major impacts on health, welfare and productivity. The role of the gut microbiota in host-helminth interactions in ruminants has been extensively examined and the present study added to this body of knowledge by assessing the effects of resistance and susceptibility to helminth infection in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Australian Sheep Breeding Values (ASBVs) for faecal egg count (FEC) were used to select the 10 highly helminth-susceptible (High-FEC) and 10 highly helminth-resistant (Low-FEC) sheep.

Changes in the rodent gut microbiome following chronic restraint stress and low-intensity rTMS.

Gut microbiome composition is associated with mood-relating behaviours, including those reflecting depression-like phenotypes. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, is an effective treatment for depression, but its effects on the gut microbiome remain largely unknown. This study assessed microbial changes from rat faecal samples longitudinally following chronic restraint stress (CRS) and 10 Hz low-intensity rTMS treatment.

Investigating the development of diarrhoea through gene expression analysis in sheep genetically resistant to gastrointestinal helminth infection.

Gastrointestinal helminths infect livestock causing health problems including severe diarrhoea. To explore the underlying biological mechanisms relating to development and control of diarrhoea, we compared 4 sheep that were susceptible to development of diarrhoea with 4 sheep that were diarrhoea-resistant. Transcriptomes in the tissues where the parasites were located were analyzed using RNASeq.

Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Predicted Functional Metabolic Effects in an Australian Parkinson's Disease Cohort.

There has been increasing recognition of the importance of the gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the influence of geographic location has received little attention. The present study characterized the gut microbiota and associated changes in host metabolic pathways in an Australian cohort of people with PD (PwP). The study involved recruitment and assessment of 87 PwP from multiple Movement Disorders Clinics in Australia and 47 healthy controls.

Ethanol extract of mulberry leaves partially restores the composition of intestinal microbiota and strengthens liver glycogen fragility in type 2 diabetic rats.

Background: Mulberry leaf as a traditional Chinese medicine is able to treat obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It is well known that diabetes leads to intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. It is also recently discovered that liver glycogen structure is impaired in diabetic animals.

A re-testing range is recommended for C- and C-urea breath tests for Helicobacter pylori infection in China.

Background: The urea breath test (UBT) is widely used for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection. In the Shenzhen Kuichong People's Hospital, some UBT findings were contradictory to the histology outcomes, therefore this study aimed to assess and compare the diagnostic performance of both C- and C-UBT assays.

Methods: We recruited 484 H.

Comparative Transcriptomic and Molecular Pathway Analyses of HL-CZ Human Pro-Monocytic Cells Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1, S2, NP, NSP15 and NSP16 Genes.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a clear and present threat to global public health. Research into how the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus together with its individual constituent genes and proteins interact with target host cells can facilitate the development of improved strategies to manage the acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. In this study, to better understand the biological roles of critical SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we determined and compared the host transcriptomic responses of the HL-CZ human pro-monocytic cell line upon transfection with key viral genes encoding the spike S1 subunit, S2 subunit, nucleocapsid protein (NP), NSP15 (endoribonuclease), and NSP16 (2'-O-ribose-methyltransferase).

Mutations of Helicobacter pylori RdxA are mainly related to the phylogenetic origin of the strain and not to metronidazole resistance.

Objectives: Drug resistance of Helicobacter pylori is a major clinical problem worldwide. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant H. pylori in the city of Shenzhen in China, as well as to identify the genetic mutations specifically associated with drug resistance rather than unrelated phylogenetic signals.

Prevalence and risk factors of infection among children in Kuichong Subdistrict of Shenzhen City, China.

Background: infection is a significant burden to the public health in China as it can lead to various gastric diseases including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Since most infections occurred during childhood, it is therefore necessary to understand the prevalence and risk determinants of this bacterial infection in children. Herewith, we conducted a cross-sectional study in the Kuichong Subdistrict of Shenzhen City to assess the prevalence and risk factors of infection among children.

A novel taxon selection method, aimed at minimizing recombination, clarifies the discovery of a new sub-population of from Australia.

We present a novel method for taxon selection, the aim being to minimize problems arising from highly recombinant species such as . has accompanied modern-human migration out of Africa and is marked by a phylogeographic strain distribution, which has been exploited to add an extra layer of information about human migrations to that obtained from human sources. However, genome has high sequence heterogeneity combined with a very high rate of recombination, causing major allelic diversification across strains.

The Influence of Modernization and Disease on the Gastric Microbiome of Orang Asli, Myanmars and Modern Malaysians.

The present study explored the differences in gastric microbiome between three distinct populations of Southeast Asia. These include the isolated Orang Asli population and modern Malaysians, as well as patients from Myanmar, the least developed country in the region. All 79 subjects recruited in this study had infection.

High primary resistance to metronidazole and levofloxacin, and a moderate resistance to clarithromycin in isolated from Karnataka patients.

Background: Due to increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance worldwide and more importantly the resistance patterns vary between different geographical regions, it is important to survey local antibiotic resistance profile to provide physicians with more informed drug choices to better treat infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of in Karnataka state of South India.

Results: A total of 113 strains were isolated from gastric biopsies and tested: 81.

The complete genome and methylome of hpNEAfrica strain HP14039.

Background: is a Gram-negative bacterium which mainly causes peptic ulcer disease in human, but is also the predominant cause of stomach cancer. It has been coevolving with human since 120,000 years and, according to Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), can be classified into seven major population types, namely, hpAfrica1, hpAfrica2, hpNEAfrica, hpEastAsia, hpAsia2, hpEurope and hpSahul. harbours a large number of restriction-modification (R-M) systems.

Analysis of core protein clusters identifies candidate variable sites conferring metronidazole resistance in .

Background: Metronidazole is one of the first-line drugs of choice in the standard triple therapy used to eradicate infection. Hence, the global emergence of metronidazole resistance in poses a major challenge to health professionals. Inactivation of RdxA is known to be a major mechanism of conferring metronidazole resistance in However, metronidazole resistance can also arise in strains expressing functional RdxA protein, suggesting that there are other mechanisms that may confer resistance to this drug.

Gastric infection perturbs human oral microbiota.

Background: We investigated the effects of gastric infection on the daytime and overnight human oral microbiota.

Methods: Twenty four volunteers were recruited. Ten tested positive for infection by the Carbon-14 Urea Breath Test, and the rest were negative.