Bilateral outer foveal microdefect in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus using hydroxychloroquine - A case report.

Introduction: The association of outer foveal microdefect and LES or hydroxychloroquine use has not been established in current literature.

Case Report: We present the first reported case of bilateral outer foveal microdefect ina a patient with systemic lúpus erythematosus using hydroxycloroquine.

Discussion/conclusion: While it is not possible to definitively attribute the described findings in our patient to HCQ use, it is important to be aware of the possibility that the outer foveal microdefect may be caused by this medication.

The use of extracorporeal shock waves in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a systematic review.

Osteonecrosis is a progressive clinical condition with significant morbidity, which primarily affects weight-bearing joints and is characterized by the death of the bone, or part of it, because of insufficient circulation. The hip is the most common compromised joint. In osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), the collapse of the femoral head is a result of mechanically weak bone submitted to a load of weight, and can be associated with incapacitating pain and immobility.