Camel nanobodies: Promising molecular tools against leishmaniasis.

Aim: To characterize several anti-Leishmania tropica nanobodies and to investigate their effect on Leishmania infection.

Methods: Several immunological tests were implied to characterize five different (as confirmed by sequencing) anti-L tropica nanobodies (NbLt05, NbLt06, NbLt14, NbLt24 and NbLt36) against parasite lysates or intact cells from different stages, promastigotes and amastigotes. Direct inhibitory effect of these nanobodies on parasite infection cycle on macrophages was tested in cell culture.