Three-dimensional cellular automaton simulation of coupled hydrogen porosity and microstructure during solidification of ternary aluminum alloys.

Hydrogen-induced porosity formed during solidification of aluminum-based alloys has been a major issue adversely affecting the performance of solidification products such as castings, welds or additively manufactured components. A three-dimensional cellular automaton model was developed, for the first time, to predict the formation and evolution of hydrogen porosity coupled with grain growth during solidification of a ternary Al-7wt.%Si-0.