Comparative analysis of clinical breakpoints, normalized resistance interpretation and epidemiological cut-offs in interpreting antimicrobial resistance of isolates originating from poultry in different farm types in Tanzania.

Introduction: Existing breakpoint guidelines are not optimal for interpreting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data from animal studies and low-income countries, and therefore their utility for analysing such data is limited. There is a need to integrate diverse data sets, such as those from low-income populations and animals, to improve data interpretation.

Gap Statement: There is very limited research on the relative merits of clinical breakpoints, epidemiological cut-offs (ECOFFs) and normalized resistance interpretation (NRI) breakpoints in interpreting microbiological data, particularly in animal studies and studies from low-income countries.

Food Safety, Health Management, and Biosecurity Characteristics of Poultry Farms in Arusha City, Northern Tanzania, Along a Gradient of Intensification.

Background: With the growth, urbanisation, and changing consumption patterns of Tanzania's human population, new livestock production systems are emerging. Intensification of poultry production may result in opportunities and threats for food safety, such as improved awareness of biosecurity or increasing prevalence of foodborne pathogens including nontyphoidal or spp. We conducted a semiquantitative analysis of poultry production systems in northern Tanzania, with emphasis on biosecurity, health management practices, and prevalence of foodborne pathogens, to gain insight into potential associations between intensification and food safety.