CD40 Upregulation in the Retina of Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy: Association With TRAF2/TRAF6 Upregulation and Inflammatory Molecule Expression.

Purpose: CD40 is upregulated in the retinas of diabetic mice, drives pro-inflammatory molecule expression, and promotes diabetic retinopathy. The role of CD40 in diabetic retinopathy in humans is unknown. Upregulation of CD40 and its downstream signaling molecules TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) is a key feature of CD40-driven inflammatory disorders.