Cold induces increased ad libitum energy intake independent of changes in energy expenditure: a controlled crossover trial in adults.

Background: Measures of energy metabolism (energy expenditure [EE], respiratory exchange ratio [RER]) have been associated with ad libitum energy intake (EI) and weight gain in previous observational studies, suggesting that energy-sensing mechanisms drive EI to meet metabolic energy demands.

Objectives: We aimed to employ mild cold exposure as an intervention to alter energy metabolism and evaluate its causal effects on concurrent and next day ad libitum EI.

Methods: In a controlled crossover study, 47 volunteers (16 female; age 37.

Hepatic Insulin Resistance Increases Risk of Gallstone Disease in Indigenous Americans in the Southwestern United States.

Introduction: Animal models indicate that hepatic insulin resistance (IR) promotes cholesterol gallstone disease (GSD). We sought to determine whether hepatic and whole-body IR is associated with incident GSD.

Methods: At baseline, 450 Southwestern Indigenous American adults without GSD were included.

Reduced plasma interleukin-6 concentration after transcranial direct current stimulation to the prefrontal cortex.

Objectives: Transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) targeted to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) reduces food intake and hunger, but its effects on circulating factors are unclear. We assessed the effect of repeated administration of tDCS to the left DLPFC (L-DLPFC) on concentrations of pro/anti-inflammatory and appetitive hormone concentrations.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-nine healthy adults with obesity (12 M; 42±11 y; BMI=39±8 kg/m) received 3 consecutive inpatient sessions of either anodal or sham tDCS targeted to the L-DLPFC during a period of ad libitum food intake.

A mixed meal tolerance test predicts onset of type 2 diabetes in Southwestern Indigenous adults.

Background/objective: To identify predictors of incident type 2 diabetes using a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT).

Methods: Adult Indigenous Americans without diabetes (n = 501) from a longitudinal cohort underwent at baseline a 4-h MMTT, measures of body composition, an oral glucose tolerance test, an intravenous glucose tolerance test for acute insulin response (AIR), and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp for insulin action (M). Plasma glucose responses from the MMTT were quantified by the total and incremental area under the curve (AUC/iAUC).

Secular trends and determinants of energy intake measured in a research setting from 1999-2020.

Introduction: Historically, secular and seasonal trend analyses have been examined using self-report measures of intake. Rarely are objective measures and known determinants of dietary intake used in these analyses. Our objective was to quantify the seasonal and secular differences in an objective intake paradigm while considering the contribution of determinants, such as fat-free mass (FFM) index and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) limited to the restricted space of a whole-room calorimeter.

Acid accumulation is associated with metabolic alterations; higher energy, fat, and protein intake; and energy expenditure.

Objective: The objective of this study was to study how acid accumulation (lower plasma bicarbonate and higher anion gap [AG] and corrected anion gap [CAG]) correlates with metabolic parameters, food intake, and 24-h energy expenditure (EE).

Methods: Acid accumulation was measured in 286 healthy adults with estimated glomerular filtration rate > 60 mL/min/1.73 m.

An algorithm to simulate missing data for mixed meal tolerance test response curves.

Background: Response curves formed by analyte concentrations measured at sampled time points after consuming a mixed meal are increasingly being used to characterize responses to differing diets. Unfortunately, owing to a variety of reasons, analyte concentrations for some of the time points may be missing.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop an algorithm to estimate the missing values at sampled time points in the analyte response curve to a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT).

Impaired metabolic flexibility to fasting is associated with increased ad libitum energy intake in healthy adults.

Objective: We investigated how changes in 24-h respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and substrate oxidation during fasting versus an energy balance condition influence subsequent ad libitum food intake.

Methods: Forty-four healthy, weight-stable volunteers (30 male and 14 female; mean [SD], age 39.3 [11.

Twenty-Four-Hour Urinary Sugars Biomarker in a Vending Machine Intake Paradigm in a Diverse Population.

Accurately measuring dietary sugars intake in large-scale epidemiological studies is necessary to understand dietary sugars' true impact on health. Researchers have developed a biomarker that can be used to assess total sugars intake. Our objective is to test this biomarker in diverse populations using an ad libitum intake protocol.

Insulin resistance before type 2 diabetes onset is associated with increased risk of albuminuria after diabetes onset: A prospective cohort study.

Aim: Reduced renal insulin signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of albuminuria. We sought to investigate whether insulin action and secretion, measured before diabetes onset, are associated with the development of albuminuria after diabetes onset.

Materials And Methods: Baseline body composition, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp at submaximal and maximal insulin stimulation (240 and 2400 pmol/m/min; M-low and M-high), and insulin secretion by intravenous glucose tolerance test [acute insulin response (AIR)] were measured in 170 Southwestern Indigenous American adults who subsequently developed diabetes.

Dietary Adherence Is Associated with Perceived Stress, Anhedonia, and Food Insecurity Independent of Adiposity.

We examined whether perceived stress, anhedonia, and food insecurity were associated with dietary adherence during a 6-week intervention. Sixty participants (23 m; 53 ± 14 y) completed psychosocial measures and were provided with full meals. Individuals with obesity were randomized to a weight-maintaining energy needs (WMENs) ( = 18; BMI 33 ± 4) or a 35% calorie-reduced diet (n = 19; BMI 38 ± 9); normal-weight individuals (n = 23; BMI 23 ± 2) were assigned to a WMENs diet.

Investigation of seasonality of human spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure in respiratory chamber in Phoenix, Arizona.

Objective: The existence of seasonal changes in energy metabolism is uncertain. We investigated the relationship between the seasons and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), energy expenditure (EE), and other components measured in a respiratory chamber.

Methods: Between 1985-2005, 671 healthy adults (aged 28.

Validation of Total Water Intake from the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Recall, 4-d Food Records, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire Using Doubly Labeled Water.

Background: Although prior evidence indicates that water intake is important for health, the ability to accurately measure community-dwelling intake is limited. Only a few studies have evaluated self-reported water intake against an objective recovery biomarker.

Objectives: The aim was to compare preformed water intakes (all sources including food) by multiple Automated Self-Administered 24-h recalls (ASA24s), food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), and 4-d food records (4DFRs) against a recovery biomarker, doubly labeled water (DLW), to assess measurement error.

Greater anhedonia scores in healthy individuals are associated with less decline in 24-hour energy expenditure with fasting: Evidence for a link between behavioral traits and spendthrift phenotype.

Obesity rates are increasing and affecting mental health. It is important to understand how behavioral traits such as anhedonia are associated with physiologic traits that may predict weight-change in clinical and non-clinical populations. We studied whether 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) changes with fasting and overfeeding are associated with anhedonia in a healthy cohort.

Reproducibility and determinants of the metabolic responses during a mixed-meal tolerance test.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility and physiological determinants of mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) on glucose and insulin responses.

Methods: While inpatients on a weight-maintaining diet, 894 individuals (574 with normal and 267 with impaired glucose regulation and 53 with type 2 diabetes [T2D]) underwent 9-hour MMTTs (breakfast and lunch; 30% weight-maintaining diet each; 40% carbohydrate, 40% fat, and 20% protein). Total/incremental areas under the curve (AUC/iAUC) were calculated from MMTT plasma glucose/insulin concentrations.

Disinhibition augments thirst perception from two dehydrating stimuli in men.

Physiological systems controlling water and energy ingestion are coordinated. Whether maladaptive eating behavior and appetite for water are linked is unknown. Thus, we sought to investigate the association between maladaptive eating and both thirst and water drinking behavior with two dehydrating conditions.

Improved food Go/No-Go scores after transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to prefrontal cortex in a randomized trial.

Objective: Reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity and inhibitory control may contribute to obesity. The study objective was to assess effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food Go/No-Go (GNG), food Stroop performance, and snack food intake.

Methods: Twenty-nine individuals with obesity (12 male; mean [SD], age 42 [11] years; BMI 39 [8]) participated in a combined inpatient/outpatient randomized parallel-design trial and received 15 sessions of anodal or sham tDCS to the left dlPFC.

Energy expenditure measurements are reproducible in different whole-room indirect calorimeters in humans.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the agreement of commonly reported energy metabolism measurements obtained from two different whole-room indirect calorimeters (WRICs).

Methods: Nine healthy adult volunteers were evaluated over four separate 24-hour periods in a crossover design, twice in two different WRICs of different sizes, each operated according to the Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards published in 2020. The reproducibility of repeated measurements was quantified by the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Water intake, thirst, and copeptin responses to two dehydrating stimuli in lean men and men with obesity.

Objective: Physiological systems responsible for water homeostasis and energy metabolism are interconnected. This study hypothesized altered responses to dehydration including thirst, ad libitum water intake, and copeptin in men with obesity.

Methods: Forty-two men (22 lean and 20 with obesity) were stimulated by a 2-hour hypertonic saline infusion and a 24-hour water deprivation.

Food insecurity is associated with higher respiratory quotient and lower glucagon-like peptide 1.

Objective: Food insecurity is known to be associated with obesity, but its association with physiological measures is unclear. Therefore, it was hypothesized that, compared with food-secure individuals, those with food insecurity would have higher 24-hour energy expenditure (EE [kilocalories per day]) and 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ [ratio]). Subsequently, hormones involved in appetite regulation, substrate oxidation, and EE were explored.

Trends in spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure among adults in a respiratory chamber, 1985 to 2005.

Objective: Fidgeting, a type of spontaneous physical activity (SPA), has substantial thermogenic potential. This research aims to examine secular trends in SPA and energy expenditure (EE) inside a respiratory chamber.

Methods: From 1985 to 2005, healthy adults (n = 678; mean age: 28.

Food insecurity moderates the relationship between momentary affect and adherence in a dietary intervention study.

Objective: Negative affect and food insecurity have been proposed to impede adherence to weight loss interventions. Therefore, this study examined the role of these variables on dietary adherence using Ecological Momentary Assessment.

Methods: A total of 50 participants (19 male participants; age = 49 [SD 14] years) participated in an outpatient dietary study.

Is Dietary Nonadherence Unique to Obesity and Weight Loss? Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: Weight stigma is associated with poor dietary adherence, yet adherence is essential for weight loss and maintenance. This study aimed to determine differences in dietary adherence and perceived hunger between lean individuals and two groups of individuals with obesity.

Methods: In a 6-week outpatient dietary intervention (23 males; aged 48  [SD 14] years), lean participants (n = 23; BMI 23  [SD 2] kg/m ) received a weight-maintaining energy needs (WMEN) diet, and participants with obesity (BMI 36  [SD 7]) were randomized to either WMEN (n = 18) or a 35% calorie-reduced (CR) diet (n = 19).