Passive overconsumption? Limited evidence of compensation in meal size when consuming foods high in energy density: Two randomised crossover experiments.

Research has drawn contradictory conclusions as to whether humans adjust meal size based on meal energy density (ED) or exhibit 'passive overconsumption'. Recent observational research has suggested that meal EDs greater than 1.7-2 kcal/g are compensated for through consumption of smaller meal sizes.

No evidence of compensatory changes in energy balance, despite reductions in body weight and liver fat, during dapagliflozin treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (ENERGIZE).

Aim: This study assessed the impact of dapagliflozin on food intake, eating behaviour, energy expenditure, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-determined brain response to food cues and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).

Materials And Methods: Patients were given dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with short-term (1 week) and long-term (12 weeks) cross-over periods. The primary outcome was the difference in test meal food intake between long-term dapagliflozin and placebo treatment.

Children's exposure to television advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages across four countries of WHO European Region.

Objective: To compare the frequency and healthfulness of foods being advertised to children and adolescents in four countries of WHO European region.

Design: Cross-sectional quantitative study, guided by an adapted version of the WHO protocol. All recorded food advertisements were categorised by categories and as either 'permitted' or 'not permitted' for advertising to children in accordance with WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model.

User engagement with a popular food brand before, during and after a multi-day interactive marketing campaign on a popular live streaming platform.

Objective: To assess viewer engagement of a food advertising campaign on the live streaming platform Twitch.tv, a social media platform that allows creators to live stream content and communicate with their audience in real time.

Design: Observational analysis of chat comments across the Twitch platform containing the word 'Wendy's' or 'Wendys' during a 5-day ad campaign compared with two 5-day non-campaign time periods.

Advertising and Young People's Critical Reasoning Abilities: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background And Objectives: Young people are exposed to an abundance of advertising for unhealthy products (eg, unhealthy foods, tobacco, alcohol). Because of their developing cognition, children may not be able to understand the intent of advertising. However, advertising restrictions often assume that adolescents have critical reasoning capacity and can resist the effects of advertising.

Exploring the potential impact of the proposed UK TV and online food advertising regulations: a concept mapping study.

Objectives: In July 2020 the UK Government announced an intention to restrict advertisements for products high in fat, salt or sugar on live broadcast, catch-up and on-demand television before 21:00 hours; and paid for online advertising. As no other jurisdiction has implemented similar regulations, there is no empirical evidence about how they might perturb the food system. To guide the regulations' implementation and evaluation, we aimed to develop a concept map to hypothesise their potential consequences for the commercial food system, health and society.

Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: A controlled interrupted time series analysis.

Background: Restricting the advertisement of products with high fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) content has been recommended as a policy tool to improve diet and tackle obesity, but the impact on HFSS purchasing is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of HFSS advertising restrictions, implemented across the London (UK) transport network in February 2019, on HFSS purchases.

Methods And Findings: Over 5 million take-home food and drink purchases were recorded by 1,970 households (London [intervention], n = 977; North of England [control], n = 993) randomly selected from the Kantar Fast Moving Consumer Goods panel.

Associations between hedonic hunger and BMI during a two-year behavioural weight loss trial.

Objective: Prospective studies on relationships between hedonic hunger and BMI (Body Mass Index) during weight management are lacking. This study examined if hedonic hunger reduced during a behavioural weight management programme, and if hedonic hunger predicted future BMI.

Methods: Participants were 594 community-dwelling, UK-based adults(396 female; age 56.

Twitch user perceptions, attitudes and behaviours in relation to food and beverage marketing on Twitch compared with YouTube.

Influencer marketing may be amplified on livestreaming platforms (e.g., Twitch) compared with asynchronous social media (e.

Sociodemographic differences in self-reported exposure to high fat, salt and sugar food and drink advertising: a cross-sectional analysis of 2019 UK panel data.

Objectives: To explore sociodemographic differences in exposure to advertising for foods and drinks high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) and whether exposure is associated with body mass index (BMI).

Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Setting: UK.

Greater Attendance at a Community Weight Loss Programme over the First 12 Weeks Predicts Weight Loss at 2 Years.

Background: There is considerable heterogeneity in long-term weight loss among people referred to obesity treatment programmes. It is unclear whether attendance at face-to-face sessions in the early weeks of the programme is an independent predictor of long-term success.

Objective: To investigate whether frequency of attendance at a community weight loss programme over the first 12 weeks is associated with long-term weight change.

Television advertisements for high-sugar foods and beverages: effect on children's snack food intake.

Energy-dense food advertising affects children's eating behaviour. However, the impact of high-sugar food advertising specifically on the intake of sweet foods is underexplored. This study sought to determine whether children would increase their intake of sugar and total energy following high-sugar food advertising (relative to toy advertising) and whether dental health, weight status and socio-economic status (SES) would moderate any effect.

The effect of referral to an open-group behavioural weight-management programme on the relative risk of normoglycaemia, non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes: Secondary analysis of the WRAP trial.

Aim: To examine the impact of open-group behavioural weight-management programmes on the risk of diabetes among those with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥28 kg/m and those with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH).

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from the WRAP trial, in which participants (N = 1267; aged ≥18 years, BMI ≥ 28 kg/m ) were randomized to brief intervention (BI; self-help booklet), a weight-management programme (WW; formerly Weight Watchers) for 12 weeks, or WW for 52 weeks. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the effect of intervention group on the risk of hyperglycaemia and diabetes at 12 months in all participants with glycaemic status at both time points (N = 480; 38%) and those with NDH at baseline (N = 387; 31%).

The influence of front-of-pack portion size images on children's serving and intake of cereal.

Background: Consumption of large portions of energy-dense foods promotes weight gain in children. Breakfast cereal boxes often show portions much larger than the recommended serving size.

Objective: This experimental study investigated whether front-of-package portion size depictions influence children's self-served portions and consumption.

Food and Beverage Cues Featured in YouTube Videos of Social Media Influencers Popular With Children: An Exploratory Study.

Food and beverage cues (visual displays of food or beverage products/brands) featured in traditional broadcast and digital marketing are predominantly for products high in fat, sugar and/or salt (HFSS). YouTube is hugely popular with children, and cues featured in content uploaded by YouTube video bloggers (influencers) has been shown to affect children's eating behavior. However, little is known about the prevalence of such cues, the contexts in which they appear, and the frequency with which they are featured as part of explicit marketing campaigns.

Obesity Stigma: Is the 'Food Addiction' Label Feeding the Problem?

Obesity is often attributed to an addiction to high-calorie foods. However, the effect of "food addiction" explanations on weight-related stigma remains unclear. In two online studies, participants ( = 439, = 523, respectively, recruited from separate samples) read a vignette about a target female who was described as 'very overweight'.

The effect of influencer marketing of food and a "protective" advertising disclosure on children's food intake.

Background: Children are active on social media and consequently are exposed to new and subtle forms of food marketing.

Objectives: To examine whether exposure to a YouTube video featuring influencer marketing of an unhealthy snack affects children's ad libitum snack intake and whether inclusion of an advertising disclosure moderates this effect.

Methods: In a randomized between-subjects design, 151 children (aged 9-11 y; mean, 10.

Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children's Food Intake: A Randomized Trial.

Objectives: To examine the impact of social media influencer marketing of foods (healthy and unhealthy) on children's food intake.

Methods: In a between-subjects design, 176 children (9-11 years, mean 10.5 ± 0.

Modeling the Distinct Negative-Reinforcement Mechanisms Associated with Alcohol Misuse and Unhealthy Snacking.

Background: Negative personality characteristics have been implicated in promoting overconsumption of both alcohol and food. Furthermore, positive motivations (enhancement) and negative motivations (coping) may mediate the association between personality and alcohol or food (over)consumption.

Objectives: This study hypothesized that i.

Extended and standard duration weight-loss programme referrals for adults in primary care (WRAP): a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Evidence exist that primary care referral to an open-group behavioural programme is an effective strategy for management of obesity, but little evidence on optimal intervention duration is available. We aimed to establish whether 52-week referral to an open-group weight-management programme would achieve greater weight loss and improvements in a range of health outcomes and be more cost-effective than the current practice of 12-week referrals.

Methods: In this non-blinded, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial, we recruited participants who were aged 18 years or older and had body-mass index (BMI) of 28 kg/m or higher from 23 primary care practices in England.

Reactivity to television food commercials in overweight and lean adults: Physiological, cognitive and behavioural responses.

Recent evidence indicates that acute exposure to food advertising increases food intake. However, little research to date has explored the potential mechanisms underpinning this, such as the extent to which food commercials elicit conditioned physiological responses (e.g.