Role of PDGF-A-Activated ERK Signaling Mediated FAK-Paxillin Interaction in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) originate from the sub-ventricular zone of the developing brain. They migrate and proliferate to occupy the white matter tracts of the central nervous system and transform into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Along their route of migration, OPCs are guided and controlled by several growth factors and chemokines.

MeCP2 in central nervous system glial cells: current updates.

avMethyl‑CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is an epigenetic regulator, which preferentially binds to methylated CpG dinucleotides in DNA. MeCP2 mutations have been linked to Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability in females. Earlier studies indicated that loss of MeCP2 function in neuronal cells was the sole cause of Rett syndrome.

MeCP2 overexpression inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of C6 glioma by modulating ERK signaling and gene expression.

MethylCpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2) is an epigenetic regulator and essential for brain development. MeCP2 mutations are associated with a spectrum of neuro-developmental disorders that vary depending on the patient gender, most notably Rett Syndrome. MeCP2 is essential for normal neuronal maturation, and glial cell function in the brain.

pERK1/2 Peripheral Recruitment and Filopodia Protrusion Augment Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration: Combined Effects of PDGF-A and Fibronectin.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) migration is critical for effective myelination of the central nervous system. Not only during normal myelination but also during remyelination, the growth factors (GFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein affect the OPC migration. Studies showed the altered levels of GFs and ECM in the demyelinating lesions.

Involvement of MeCP2 in Regulation of Myelin-Related Gene Expression in Cultured Rat Oligodendrocytes.

Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a multifunctional protein which binds to methylated CpG, mutation of which cause a neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome. MeCP2 can function as both transcriptional activator and repressor of target gene. MeCP2 regulate gene expression in both neuron and glial cells in central nervous system (CNS).

CXCL1 regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration is independent of calcium signaling.

Cell migration is an indispensable aspect of tissue patterning during embryonic development. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, migrate significantly during development of the brain. Several growth factors have been identified as being critical regulators of oligodendrocyte progenitor migration, including platelet derived growth factor-A (PDGFA), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2).

The role of dorsal root ganglia activation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by focal destruction of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. The exact mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the disease are unknown. Many studies have shown that MS is predominantly an autoimmune disease with an inflammatory phase followed by a demyelinating phase.

Differential effects of growth factors on oligodendrocyte progenitor migration.

Oligodendrocytes are myelinating cells of the CNS that originate as progenitor cells (OP) in discrete areas of the developing brain. During brain development, OP migrate significant distances prior to proliferating and myelinating the axons of the putative white matter tracts. Growth factors play a major regulatory role in the behavior of OP.

Staphylococcus aureus harbouring Enterotoxin A as a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis exacerbations.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus may produce superantigens that can non-specifically activate CD4(+) cells to potentially target the myelin basic protein.

Objective: This study examined the association between individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and colonization with S. aureus harbouring superantigens.

Fatigue and cognition in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with interferon β.

Introduction: Fatigue and cognitive deficits are common symptoms affecting patients with multiple sclerosis.

Methods: The effects of interferon beta on fatigue and cognitive deficits were assessed in 50 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (recruited at a single center). The pre-treatment assessments were performed on visits 1 and 2 (Months 0 and 3).

A novel transcriptional regulator of myelin gene expression: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders.

Myelination is critical for normal functioning of mammalian central nervous system. Central nervous system myelin is created and maintained by oligodendrocytes. Protein expression patterns change as the oligodendrocyte progenitors differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes.

A novel decalcification method for adult rodent bone for histological analysis of peripheral-central nervous system connections.

Histological analysis of bone encased tissue is severely hampered by technical difficulties associated with sectioning calcified tissue. Cryosectioning of bone is possible but requires significant technical adaptation and expensive materials and is often time-consuming. Some decalcifying reagents in common use result in successful cryosectioning in less time but the integrity of the soft tissue of the spinal column is often compromised during processing.

Toxic effect of blood components on perinatal rat subventricular zone cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in culture.

The germinal matrix of human brain gives rise to oligodendrocytes and astrocytes after mid-gestation. Hemorrhage in the germinal matrix of premature infants is associated with suppressed cell proliferation. We hypothesize that soluble blood constituents have an adverse effect on the proliferation of cultured rat subventricular zone (SVZ) cells and the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC).

Initiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration by a PDGF-A activated extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway.

During CNS development, oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) cells migrate from germinal zones to presumptive white matter tracts to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) is a potent chemoattractant for OP cells and important for normal distribution throughout the developing CNS. However, PDGF-A does not localize in concentration gradients corresponding to OP migratory pathways, as would be expected for a chemoattractant to direct migration.

Serial in vivo MR tracking of magnetically labeled neural spheres transplanted in chronic EAE mice.

Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has been shown to attenuate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Central to the future success of NSC transplantation in MS is the ability of transplanted cells to migrate from the site of transplantation to relevant foci of disease. Using magnetically labeled mouse neurospheres and human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neurospheres, we applied serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the biodynamics of transplanted cell migration in a chronic mouse EAE model.

Noninvasive MRI of endothelial cell response to human breast cancer cells.

We have developed a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assay to characterize human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) motility, invasion, and network formation in response to the presence of cancer cells. HUVECs were labeled with a superparamagnetic iron oxide T(2) contrast agent and cocultured with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in the presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM) gel. Invasion into the ECM gel by HUVECs in response to paracrine factors secreted by MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, as well as network formation by HUVECs, was easily tracked with MRI.

MR evaluation of the glomerular homing of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of nephropathy.

Purpose: To assess renal glomerular homing of intravenously injected superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in an experimental rat model of mesangiolysis.

Materials And Methods: Animal procedures were performed in accordance with protocols approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Fourteen rats were divided into two groups: one pathologic (n = 10), with persistent mesangiolysis following simultaneous injection of OX-7 monoclonal antibody and puromycin aminonucleoside in which 10(7) SPIO- and DiI-labeled MSCs were injected, and one control (n = 4).

PDGF and FGF2 regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor responses to demyelination.

Acute demyelination of adult CNS, resulting from trauma or disease, is initially followed by remyelination. However, chronic lesions with subsequent functional impairment result from eventual failure of the remyelination process, as seen in multiple sclerosis. Studies using animal models of successful remyelination delineate a progression of events facilitating remyelination.

Absence of fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes oligodendroglial repopulation of demyelinated white matter.

This study takes advantage of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) knock-out mice to determine the contribution of FGF2 to the regeneration of oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS. The role of FGF2 during spontaneous remyelination was examined using two complementary mouse models of experimental demyelination. The murine hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) model produces focal areas of spinal cord demyelination with inflammation.