Local cryptic diversity in salinity adaptation mechanisms in the wild outcrossing .

It is normally supposed that populations of the same species should evolve shared mechanisms of adaptation to common stressors due to evolutionary constraint. Here, we describe a system of within-species local adaptation to coastal habitats, and detail surprising strategic variability in adaptive responses to high salinity. These different adaptive responses in neighboring populations are evidenced by transcriptomes, diverse physiological outputs, and distinct genomic selective landscapes.

Determinants of unintentional injuries in preschool age children in high-income countries: A systematic review.

Background: Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability in preschool children who are subject to specific risk factors. We sought to clarify the determinants of unintentional injuries in children aged 5 years and under in high-income countries and report on the methodological quality of the selected studies.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted of observational studies investigating determinants of unintentional injury in children aged 0-5.

Impairing the impairment argument.

Blackshaw and Hendricks have recently developed and defended the impairment argument against abortion, arguing that the immorality of giving a child fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) provides us with reason to believe that abortion is immoral. In this paper, we forward two criticisms of the impairment argument. First, we highlight that, as it currently stands, the argument is very weak and accomplishes very little.

Leaf anatomy explains the strength of C activity within the grass species Alloteropsis semialata.

C photosynthesis results from anatomical and biochemical characteristics that together concentrate CO around ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), increasing productivity in warm conditions. This complex trait evolved through the gradual accumulation of components, and particular species possess only some of these, resulting in weak C activity. The consequences of adding C components have been modelled and investigated through comparative approaches, but the intraspecific dynamics responsible for strengthening the C pathway remain largely unexplored.

Occupation type, family demands and mental health: analysis of linked administrative data.

Background: While employment generally promotes positive health and wellbeing, some jobs may be less salutogenic than others. Few studies have examined mental health across a range of broadly defined occupation types using a large population sample.

Aims: To examine the prevalence of mental health problems across a wide range of occupation types, and further examine the association of family demands, controlling for key social determinants and health-related factors.

Must We Vaccinate the Most Vulnerable? Efficiency, Priority, and Equality in the Distribution of Vaccines.

In this article, we aim to map out the complexities which characterise debates about the ethics of vaccine distribution, particularly those surrounding the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine. In doing so, we distinguish three general principles which might be used to distribute goods and two ambiguities in how one might wish to spell them out. We then argue that we can understand actual debates around the COVID-19 vaccine - including those over prioritising vaccinating the most vulnerable - as reflecting disagreements over these principles.

The genetic basis of structural colour variation in mimetic butterflies.

Structural colours, produced by the reflection of light from ultrastructures, have evolved multiple times in butterflies. Unlike pigmentary colours and patterns, little is known about the genetic basis of these colours. Reflective structures on wing-scale ridges are responsible for iridescent structural colour in many butterflies, including the Müllerian mimics and Here, we quantify aspects of scale ultrastructure variation and colour in crosses between iridescent and non-iridescent subspecies of both of these species and perform quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Psychiatric Symptoms Among Older People in England During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Latent Class Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected mental health and social connections. Older people may be disproportionately affected, placing them at increased risk for complex mental ill-health outcomes and quality of life undermined by anxiety and depression. Understanding gender differences in the determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms is crucial to policy and practice.

Land Use Influences the Composition and Antimicrobial Effects of Propolis.

Honey bee propolis is a complex, resinous mixture created by bees using plant sources such as leaves, flowers, and bud exudates. This study characterized how cropland surrounding apiaries affects the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of propolis. The chemical composition and compound abundance of the propolis samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and the antimicrobial effects were analyzed using the 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against four relevant bee pathogens, and .

Upregulation of C characteristics does not consistently improve photosynthetic performance in intraspecific hybrids of a grass.

C photosynthesis is thought to have evolved via intermediate stages, with changes towards the C phenotype gradually enhancing photosynthetic performance. This hypothesis is widely supported by modelling studies, but experimental tests are missing. Mixing of C components to generate artificial intermediates can be achieved via crossing, and the grass Alloteropsis semialata represents an outstanding study system since it includes C and non-C populations.

Hybridization boosts dispersal of two contrasted ecotypes in a grass species.

Genetic exchanges between closely related groups of organisms with different adaptations have well-documented beneficial and detrimental consequences. In plants, pollen-mediated exchanges affect the sorting of alleles across physical landscapes and influence rates of hybridization. How these dynamics affect the emergence and spread of novel phenotypes remains only partially understood.

Mental ill-health among health and social care professionals: an analysis using administrative data.

Objective: Health and Social Care (HSC) workers are at high risk of job-related stress, and mental ill-health. This study examines differences in self-reported mental health and psychotropic medication uptake across HSC occupational groups.

Method: Northern Ireland (NI) data linkage study of people working in the Health and Care sector, aged between twenty and sixty-four years, enumerated at the 2011 Northern Ireland Census and living in private households, and their uptake of prescribed psychotropic medications during 2011-2012 (using data derived from routine electronically captured information on prescriptions issued within the NHS and linked at an individual level using a NI-specific Health and Care key identifier).

The impact of reduced working on mental health in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Understanding Society COVID-19 study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated an unpredictable economic crisis, currently affecting daily life for millions of workers. We examined the mental health impact of reduced working in a nationally representative sample of employees.

Method: We used Wave one (April 2020) of the Understanding Society UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) COVID-19 study, with linkage to baseline mental health data from the UKHLS annual survey (January 2017- December 2018).

Costa, cancer and coronavirus: contractualism as a guide to the ethics of lockdown.

Lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic involve placing huge burdens on some members of society for the sake of benefiting other members of society. How should we decide when these policies are permissible? Many writers propose we should address this question using cost-benefit analysis (CBA), a broadly consequentialist approach. We argue for an alternative non-consequentialist approach, grounded in contractualist moral theorising.

Low dispersal and ploidy differences in a grass maintain photosynthetic diversity despite gene flow and habitat overlap.

Geographical isolation facilitates the emergence of distinct phenotypes within a single species, but reproductive barriers or selection are needed to maintain the polymorphism after secondary contact. Here, we explore the processes that maintain intraspecific variation of C photosynthesis, a complex trait that results from the combined action of multiple genes. The grass Alloteropsis semialata includes C and non-C populations, which have coexisted as a polyploid series for more than 1 million years in the miombo woodlands of Africa.

Contrasted histories of organelle and nuclear genomes underlying physiological diversification in a grass species.

C photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently in angiosperms, but most origins are relatively old so that the early events linked to photosynthetic diversification are blurred. The grass is an exception, as this species encompasses C and non-C populations. Using phylogenomics and population genomics, we infer the history of dispersal and secondary gene flow before, during and after photosynthetic divergence in .

Social Capital and Mental Health Among Black and Minority Ethnic Groups in the UK.

Black and minority ethnic communities are at higher risk of mental health problems. We explore differences in mental health and the influence of social capital among ethnic minority groups in Great Britain. Cross-sectional linear and logistic regression analysis of data from Wave 6 (2014-2016) of the Understanding Society databases.

Patient and service-related barriers and facitators to the acceptance and use of interventions to promote communication in health and social care: a realist review.

Background: More people living into old age with dementia. The complexity of treatment and care, particularly those with multiple health problems, can be experienced as disjointed. As part of an evaluation of a 'healthcare passport' for people living with dementia we undertook a realist review of communication tools within health and social care for people living with dementia.

Acceptability and use of a patient-held communication tool for people living with dementia: a longitudinal qualitative study.

Objectives: To assess the acceptability and use of a low-cost patient-held communication tool.

Design: Longitudinal qualitative interviews at three time points over 18 months and document content analysis.

Setting: Primary and community services.

Müllerian mimicry of a quantitative trait despite contrasting levels of genomic divergence and selection.

Hybrid zones, where distinct populations meet and interbreed, give insight into how differences between populations are maintained despite gene flow. Studying clines in genetic loci and adaptive traits across hybrid zones is a powerful method for understanding how selection drives differentiation within a single species, but can also be used to compare parallel divergence in different species responding to a common selective pressure. Here, we study parallel divergence of wing colouration in the butterflies Heliconius erato and H.

Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression in older adults: Gender differences in psychosocial indicators.

Background: With increasing numbers of people living into old age, health functioning and good quality of life are central to public health policy in aging. However, quality of life for many elders is undermined by anxiety and depression. Understanding gender differences in the determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms is crucial to policy and practice.

Symptom profiles of late-life anxiety and depression: The influence of migration, religion and loneliness.

Objective: To examine (1) clinically relevant anxiety with comorbid depression in an older population, and the presentation of subthreshold symptoms; (2) to assess anxiety and levels of comorbid depression associated with migration, religion, loneliness and long-term illness.

Methods: Analysis of Wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) (2009-2011). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to define indicative diagnoses of anxiety and depression.