Co-occurring Psychopathology in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Differences by Sex in the ECHO Cohorts.

Purpose: Our goals were to: 1) examine the occurrence of behavioral and emotional symptoms in children on the autism spectrum in a large national sample, stratifying by sex, and 2) evaluate whether children with increased autism-related social communication deficits also experience more behavioral and emotional problems.

Methods:  Participants (n = 7,998) were from 37 cohorts from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. Cross-sectional information on demographic factors, parent-report of an ASD diagnosis by clinician, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores, and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores were obtained for children aged 2.

Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Geographic Atrophy Progression: Age-Related Eye Diseases Study 2 Report 34.

Purpose: To examine potential relationships between alcohol consumption and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progression, including progression to late AMD and geographic atrophy (GA) enlargement rate.

Design: Post hoc analysis of cohorts within the Age-Related Eye Diseases Study 2.

Participants: A total of 6670 eyes (of 3673 participants) with no late AMD at baseline; 1143 eyes (of 841 participants) with GA at ≥2 consecutive visits.

Card9/neutrophil signalling axis promotes IL-17A-mediated ankylosing spondylitis.

Objective: Polymorphisms in the antifungal signalling molecule are associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Here, we investigated the cellular mechanism by which CARD9 controls pathogenic Th17 responses and the onset of disease in both experimental murine AS and patients.

Methods: Experiments in SKG, Card9SKG, neutrophil-deplete SKG mice along with murine, neutrophil and CD4 T cell cocultures examined Card9 function in neutrophil activation, Th17 induction and arthritis in experimental AS.

The effects of cannabidiol on worry and anxiety among high trait worriers: a double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial.

Rationale: Evidence suggests cannabidiol (CBD) displays broad therapeutic potential in the context of anxiety; however, no study has examined the effects of CBD on worry, a defining, cognitive feature of anxiety. Additionally, no study has examined the effects of an acute, single dose of CBD compared to repeated CBD administration.

Objectives: Within a sample of 63 individuals with elevated trait worry, the current study aimed to assess the effects of an empirically-derived high dose of CBD (i.

The innate immune receptor Nlrp12 suppresses autoimmunity to the retina.

Background: Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are critical to innate immune activation and induction of adaptive T cell responses. Yet, their role in autoinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) remains incompletely defined. The NLR, Nlrp12, has been reported to both inhibit and promote neuroinflammation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE), where its T cell-specific role has been investigated.

Comparison of a single day versus a multi-day immunization certificate scheduling for student pharmacists.

Background And Purpose: The study objective was to determine differences in student pharmacists' knowledge, confidence, and preferences when the in-class portion of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Immunization Certificate was conducted in two different scheduling formats.

Educational Activity And Setting: A two-phase, pre-post design was utilized to compare delivery layouts of the certificate program for first-year student pharmacists. In fall 2018, students completed the certificate in eight, one-hour sessions.

T cell-intrinsic role for Nod2 in protection against Th17-mediated uveitis.

Mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) cause Blau syndrome, an inflammatory disorder characterized by uveitis. The antimicrobial functions of Nod2 are well-established, yet the cellular mechanisms by which dysregulated Nod2 causes uveitis remain unknown. Here, we report a non-conventional, T cell-intrinsic function for Nod2 in suppression of Th17 immunity and experimental uveitis.

Nod2 Deficiency Augments Th17 Responses and Exacerbates Autoimmune Arthritis.

Arthritis in a genetically susceptible SKG strain of mice models a theoretical paradigm wherein autoimmune arthritis arises because of interplay between preexisting autoreactive T cells and environmental stimuli. SKG mice have a point mutation in ZAP-70 that results in attenuated TCR signaling, altered thymic selection, and spontaneous production of autoreactive T cells that cause arthritis following exposure to microbial β-glucans. In this study, we identify Nod2, an innate immune receptor, as a critical suppressor of arthritis in SKG mice.

Novel Psychoactive Substances and Trends of Abuse.

The purpose of this paper is to review the most common and quickest growing classes of novel, or new, psychoactive substances. Abuse of novel psychoactive substances continues to increase, resulting in subsequent increases in hospitalizations. Furthermore, the chemical structures are ever-changing and substances are increasing in potency.

Mincle Activation and the Syk/Card9 Signaling Axis Are Central to the Development of Autoimmune Disease of the Eye.

Uveitis, which occurs in association with systemic immunological diseases, presents a considerable medical challenge because of incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. The signals that initiate T cells to target the eye, which may be of infectious or noninfectious origin, are poorly understood. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) develops in mice immunized with the endogenous retinal protein interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein in the presence of the adjuvant CFA.

Investigation of the relationship between the onset of arthritis and uveitis in genetically predisposed SKG mice.

Introduction: Systemic rheumatic conditions are often accompanied by intraocular inflammatory disease (termed uveitis). Despite the frequent manifestation of uveitis with arthritis, very little is understood of the underlying mechanisms that mediate the eye's susceptibility to disease. The genetically susceptible SKG mouse strain develops arthritis that arises from an inherent mutation that disrupts T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction and thymic selection.

NOD2 deficiency results in increased susceptibility to peptidoglycan-induced uveitis in mice.

Purpose: The innate immune receptor NOD2 is a genetic cause of uveitis (Blau syndrome). Intriguingly, in the intestine where polymorphisms of NOD2 predispose to Crohn's disease, NOD2 reportedly suppresses inflammation triggered by the bacterial cell wall component, peptidoglycan (PGN). Whether NOD2 exerts a similar capacity in the regulation of ocular inflammation to PGN has not been explored.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 and Toll-like receptor 2 function independently in a murine model of arthritis triggered by intraarticular peptidoglycan.

Objective: Blau syndrome is an autoinflammatory disease resulting from mutations in the NOD2 gene, wherein granulomatous arthritis, uveitis, and dermatitis develop. The mechanisms by which aberrant NOD2 causes joint inflammation are poorly understood. Indeed, very few studies have addressed the function of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD-2) in the joint.

Hypothesis: sarcoidosis is a STAT1-mediated disease.

Immunologic pathways involved in sarcoidosis pathogenesis are largely unknown. We hypothesized that patients with sarcoidosis have characteristic mRNA profiles. Microarray analysis of gene expression was done on peripheral blood (12 patients, 12 controls), lung (6 patients, 6 controls) and lymph node (8 patients, 5 controls).

Gastrulation in the spider Zygiella x-notata involves three distinct phases of cell internalization.

The cell movements of gastrulation were analyzed in embryos of the spider Zygiella x-notata, using time-lapse video, cell tracing, and improved histology. Cells are internalized near the center of the germ disc in three distinct phases. First, cumulus mesenchyme cells ingress and migrate as a group beneath the superficial layer.