Comparative gene expression profiles of ABC transporters in brain microvessel endothelial cells and brain in five species including human.

While P-glycoprotein (PGP, ABCB1) is known to play an important role in drug exclusion at the blood brain barrier (BBB), less is known about the contribution of other members in the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family to BBB drug efflux, or whether these transporters are expressed differently in humans and in mammalian species of pharmacological interest. We used quantitative real-time PCR to determine mRNA expression levels for the majority of ABC family members in brain and in isolated brain microvessel endothelial capillary cells (BMEC) from human, rat, mouse, pig and cow. We confirmed BBB expression of several well-characterized ABC family members that are implicated in xenobiotic exclusion from the brain, including ABCB1 (PGP), ABCG2 (BCRP), ABCC1 (MRP1), ABCC4 (MRP4), and ABCC5 (MRP5).

Expression of the thyroid hormone transporters monocarboxylate transporter-8 (SLC16A2) and organic ion transporter-14 (SLCO1C1) at the blood-brain barrier.

Thyroid hormones require transport across cell membranes to carry out their biological functions. The importance of transport for thyroid hormone signaling was highlighted by the discovery that inactivating mutations in the human monocarboxylate transporter-8 (MCT8) (SLC16A2) cause severe psychomotor retardation due to thyroid hormone deficiency in the central nervous system. It has been reported that Mct8 expression in the mouse brain is restricted to neurons, leading to the model that organic ion transporter polypeptide-14 (OATP14, also known as OATP1C1/SLCO1C1) is the primary thyroid hormone transporter at the blood-brain barrier, whereas MCT8 mediates thyroid hormone uptake into neurons.

Allosteric activation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor by selective, nonpeptide agonists.

The pituitary glycoprotein hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), act through their cognate receptors to initiate a series of coordinated physiological events that results in germ cell maturation. Given the importance of FSH in regulating folliculogenesis and fertility, the development of FSH mimetics has been sought to treat infertility. Currently, purified and recombinant human FSH are the only FSH receptor (FSH-R) agonists available for infertility treatment.