A phase I study of intra-anal artesunate (suppositories) to treat anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

Background: Ablation or surgical excision is the typical treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Recurrences are common due to the persistence of underlying human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Additional well-tolerated and effective non-surgical options for HPV-associated anal disease are needed.