A Bird's-Eye View of Regulatory, Animal Care, and Training Considerations Regarding Avian Flight Research.

A thorough understanding of how animals fly is a central goal of many scientific disciplines. Birds are a commonly used model organism for flight research. The success of this model requires studying healthy and naturally flying birds in a laboratory setting.

Changes in Scaphoid and Lunate Position and Loading at Two Wrist Pushup Positions.

Background: Scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injury following a fall on an outstretched hand may lead to carpal instability and in some cases require long-term rehabilitation following repair. Rehabilitation, especially in athletes, may include pushups, but little is known as to what type of pushup may be safer.

Objective: To determine biomechanical differences between two pushup positions (neutral or extended).

Effect of Push-Up Position on Wrist Joint Pressures in the Intact Wrist and Following Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Sectioning.

Purpose: To determine the contact pressures between the scaphoid and lunate and the distal radius during 2 wrist push-up positions before and following scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) sectioning.

Methods: Eight fresh cadaveric wrists were tested in a neutral flexion-extension (knuckle) push-up position and in an extended push-up position. Pressure measurements were acquired as each wrist was loaded with the wrist in extension and with the wrist in a neutral position.

Inspiration for wing design: how forelimb specialization enables active flight in modern vertebrates.

Harnessing flight strategies refined by millions of years of evolution can help expedite the design of more efficient, manoeuvrable and robust flying robots. This review synthesizes recent advances and highlights remaining gaps in our understanding of how bird and bat wing adaptations enable effective flight. Included in this discussion is an evaluation of how current robotic analogues measure up to their biological sources of inspiration.

Role of the interosseous membrane and annular ligament in stabilizing the proximal radial head.

Hypothesis: The purpose of our study was to determine the relative contributions of the annular ligament, proximal band, central band, and distal band of the interosseous membrane in preventing dislocation of the proximal radius.

Methods: In part 1 of the study, 8 forearms were loaded transversely with the forearm intact, and the central band, proximal band, and annular ligament were sequentially sectioned to determine the percentage contribution of each structure in preventing transverse radial displacement. In part 2, 12 forearms were cyclically supinated and pronated while optical sensors measured radial and ulnar motion.