Evolution in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease over the last century: from a crural-centered to a lower esophageal sphincter-centered approach and back.

The surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has evolved significantly over the past century, driven by increased understanding of the physiology of the reflux barrier, its anatomic components, and surgical innovation. Initially, emphasis was on reduction of hiatal hernias and crural closure as the etiology behind GERD was felt to be solely related to the anatomic alterations caused by hiatal hernias. With persistence of reflux-related changes in some patients despite crural closure, along with the development of what is now modern manometry and the discovery of a high-pressure zone at the distal esophagus, focus evolved to surgical augmentation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

Surgical training in the midst of a pandemic: a distributed general surgery residency program's response to COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a substantial impact on surgical training. We describe some of the challenges brought on by the pandemic and our program's province-wide response to them. We focus specifically on residents' provision of service, education and wellness.

Identifying Clinically Relevant Proteins for Targeted Analysis in the Development of a Multiplexed Proteomic Biomarker Assay.

In recent years, hundreds of candidate protein biomarkers have been identified using discovery-based proteomics. Despite the large number of candidate biomarkers, few proteins advance to clinical validation. Here, we describe a hypothesis driven approach to identify candidate biomarkers, previously characterized in the literature, with the highest probability of clinical applicability.

A hypothesis-directed approach to the targeted development of a multiplexed proteomic biomarker assay for cancer.

In recent years, hundreds of candidate protein biomarkers have been identified using discovery-based proteomics. Despite the large number of candidate biomarkers, few proteins advance to clinical validation. We propose a hypothesis-driven approach to identify candidate biomarkers, previously characterized in the literature, with the highest probability of clinical applicability.

Targeted cancer therapeutics: biosynthetic and energetic pathways characterized by metabolomics and the interplay with key cancer regulatory factors.

Reprogramming of energy metabolism has recently been added to the list of hallmarks that define cancer. Cellular metabolism plays a central role in cancer initiation and progression to metastatic disease. Genotypic and phenotypic metabolic alterations are seen throughout tumourigenesis, allowing cancer cells to sustain increased rates of proliferation.