Threshold for increased liver weight is protective of other effects in Peromyscus exposed to PFNA.

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a commercially relevant, long-chain (8 fully fluorinated carbon) perfluorinated carboxylic acid. PFNA has limited terrestrial ecotoxicity data and is detected in humans, animals, and the environment. This study is the fourth in a series with the objective of investigating the toxicity of a suite of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detected on military installations in a mammal indigenous to North America.

Reproductive and developmental toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus).

Concerns about per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) stem from their ubiquitous presence in the environment, bioaccumulation, resistance to degradation, and toxicity. Previously, toxicity data relevant to ecological risk assessment has largely been aquatic, terrestrial invertebrates, or avian in origin. In this study, repeated oral exposures of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were administered to white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to evaluate effects on reproduction and development.

Using Evidence Integration Techniques in the Development of Health-Based Occupational Exposure Levels.

Development of toxicology-based criteria such as occupational exposure levels (OELs) are rarely straightforward. This process requires a rigorous review of the literature, searching for patterns in toxicity, biological plausibility, coherence, and dose-response relationships. Despite the direct applicability, human data are rarely used primarily because of imprecise exposure estimates, unknown influence of assumptions, and confounding factors.

Effects of Environmental Contaminants at Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge on Anuran Development, Gonadal Histology, and Reproductive Steroidogenesis: A Comparison of In Situ and Laboratory Exposures.

Previous monitoring at Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Newington, New Hampshire documented high prevalence of amphibian malformations at sites contaminated with potential endocrine active compounds. In the present study, a combination of in situ and laboratory experiments were used to determine whether contaminants present in the sites affect amphibian growth and reproductive development. Wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles were exposed in situ at four sites (Ferry Way, Beaver Pond, Lower Peverly, and Stubbs Pond) at Great Bay NWR and northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles were exposed in the lab to sediments collected from three sites (Beaver Pond, Ferry Way, Stubbs Pond) at Great Bay NWR as well as a positive (estradiol) and negative control.

Chronic oral toxicity of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in rats.

To evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (nitrotriazolone, NTO), male and female rats were given ad libitum access to NTO in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 36, 110, 360, 1100, and 3600 mg/L for one year. NTO did not affect body weight, body weight gain, or food consumption in either sex. No treatment-related effects were observed in clinical chemistry and hematology parameters at the 6 month or one year sampling.

In vitro dermal absorption of carfentanil.

There is growing concern regarding potential occupational exposures to the ultra-potent synthetic opioid carfentanil. However, little data are available on the toxicity of carfentanil in humans, particularly for dermal exposures. To begin to address this, permeation of carfentanil formulated in three vehicles, water, ethanol, and hand sanitizer was measured under infinite-dose conditions in an in vitro static diffusion cell system using the EpiDerm™ (EPI-606-X) RhE model.

Characterization of the Testicular Toxicity of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazol-5-One and 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Rats ( Rattus norvegicus).

Nitrotriazolone (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one; NTO) and dinitroanisole (2,4-dinitroanisole; DNAN), insensitive energetic materials used in explosive formulations, have induced testicular toxicity and oligospermia in repeated-dose oral toxicity tests. To identify the target site of testicular toxicity of NTO and DNAN, Sprague Dawley rats were orally dosed with NTO (500 mg/kg/d) or DNAN (50 or 100 mg/kg/d) in corn oil for 1, 3, 7, or 14 days. Degeneration of germinal epithelium occurred in multiple tubule stages on days 7 and 14 in treated rats.

Acute and subacute oral toxicity of periodate salts in rats.

Periodate salts are being developed as potential replacements for perchlorate due to potential health hazards associated with exposure to perchlorate. The aim of this study was to investigate acute and subacute effects of periodate salts in rats. Acute oral toxicity of potassium and sodium periodate was determined using the Sequential Stage-Wise Probit method.

Oral Toxicity of 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Rats.

Subacute and subchronic studies were conducted to assess the toxicity of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and to provide information important for protecting the health of military and civilian personnel. In the subchronic study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with DNAN via oral gavage at 0, 1.25, 5, 20, and 80 mg/kg/d.

An extended one-generation reproductive toxicity test of 1,2,4-Triazol-5-one (NTO) in rats.

Nitrotriazolone (1,2,4-triazol-5-one; NTO), an insensitive, energetic material used in explosive formulations, induced testicular toxicity and oligospermia in repeated-dose oral toxicity tests in rats. To evaluate whether NTO produces additional reproductive and developmental effects, a modified extended one-generation reproductive toxicity test was conducted. Rats were provided ad libitum access to NTO in drinking water at 0-, 144-, 720-, or 3600-mg/L NTO.

Peri-pubertal administration of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) affects reproductive organ development in male but not female Sprague Dawley rats.

Nitrotriazolone (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one; NTO) is an insensitive munition that has demonstrated effects on reproductive organs in adult male rats. NTO was administered to male (0, 250, and 500milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg-day)) and female (0, 500, and 1000mg/kg-day) Sprague-Dawley rats (15/sex/group) via oral gavage from weaning through post-natal day 53/54 and 42/43, respectively. Age and body mass at vaginal opening (VO) and preputial separation (PPS), as well as all measures of estrous cyclicity were not affected by treatment with NTO.

Oral toxicity of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one in rats.

3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), an insensitive explosive, was evaluated to assess potential environmental and human health effects. A 14-day oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats was conducted with NTO in polyethylene glycol -200 by gavage at doses of 0, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 mg/kg-d. Body mass and food consumption decreased in males (2000 mg/kg-d), and testes mass was reduced at doses of 500 mg/kg-d and greater.

Comparison of the repeated dose toxicity of isomers of dinitrotoluene.

Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is a nitroaromatic explosive used in propellant mixtures and in the production of plastics. Isomers of DNT were administered daily via oral gavage to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 14 days to determine the subacute toxicity of individual isomers of DNT. The 3,5-DNT isomer was the most toxic isomer, inducing weight loss and mortality within 3 days.

Genotoxicity assessment of an energetic propellant compound, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO).

3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is an energetic explosive proposed for use in weapon systems, to reduce the sensitivity of warheads. In order to develop toxicity data for safety assessment, we investigated the genotoxicity of NTO, using a battery of genotoxicity tests, which included the Ames test, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell chromosome aberration test, L5178Y TK(+/-) mouse lymphoma mutagenesis test and rat micronucleus test. NTO was not mutagenic in the Ames test or in Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA).