Experiences of the changing illicit drug supply among racial and ethnic minoritized people in three US states: a qualitative study.

Background: Amidst a national surge in overdose deaths among racial and ethnic minoritized people and people who use stimulants (cocaine or methamphetamines), our objective was to understand how these groups are adapting to a rapidly changing illicit drug supply.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 64 people who use drugs and who self-identified as Black, Hispanic, Multiracial, or other Non-White race in three states (Michigan, New Jersey, and Wisconsin). Transcribed interviews were coded thematically.

Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on Tobacco and Nicotine Use among Young Adults Identified as Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Mixed Methods Approach.

We investigated the perceived impact of COVID-19 on changes in tobacco and nicotine (NT) use among sexual and gender minority (SGM) young adults. We used a mixed methods approach that included closed- and open-ended survey questions and in-depth interviews. Participants were 53 SGM young adults in California who reported current or past cigarette smoking.

Disentangling the physical, social, and situational contexts of young adolescents' initiation to alcohol use and intoxication: A mixed methods study.

Background: The onset of alcohol use during adolescence is associated with concurrent and subsequent related problems. Research on drinking contexts that underly these key first-time experiences and how they differ by initiation type is needed. The current study examined the physical, social, and situational characteristics of three types of initiation: first drink, first heavy episodic drinking (HED), and first intoxication and considered variations between early and later initiating adolescents.

Adolescent alcohol initiation: Context of close friendships and the role of trust.

Purpose: Adolescent initiation of drinking and intoxication is associated with concurrent and later problems among adolescents. This study explores the mechanisms by which the context of close friendships is important to adolescents' decisions to initiate drinking and heavy alcohol use.

Methods: In-depth face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted online with 50 adolescents (12-16 years) who reported lifetime drinking.

Compliance with a law to reduce alcoholic beverage sales and service in Zacatecas, Mexico.

Background: Research on the effects of restricting bar opening hours and alcohol sales in middle-income countries is very limited. We assessed compliance with and possible effects of a law enacted in Zacatecas, Mexico on December 30, 2017 and implemented in 2018 and 2019 that established a 2 AM bar closing time and 10 PM cut-off for alcohol sales by off-premises stores.

Methods: Monthly observations of bars and off-premises stores and alcohol mystery shopping visits from 2018 to early 2020 were conducted to assess compliance with the law.

A Comparison of Chinese Adults Who Consume Homemade versus Commercial Alcohol.

Little is known about adults in China who drink homemade alcohol, and whether they are at elevated risk of harms relative to those who drink alcohol from commercial sources. : We describe and contrast adults in China who regularly consume either homemade or commercially available alcohol, or both. : Household-based in-person interviews were conducted in 2018 with adults in Jiangshan and Lanxi.

Alcohol Marketing and Adolescent and Young Adult Alcohol Use Behaviors: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies.

Objective: This article provides a systematic review of cross-sectional research examining associations between exposure to alcohol marketing and alcohol use behaviors among adolescents and young adults.

Method: Literature searches of eight electronic databases were carried out in February 2017. Searches were not limited by date, language, country, or peer-review status.

Youth daily exposure to tobacco outlets and cigarette smoking behaviors: does exposure within activity space matter?

Aims: To examine whether daily exposure to tobacco outlets within activity spaces is associated with cigarette smoking and with the number of cigarettes smoked by youth that day.

Design: The study used geographic ecological momentary assessment (GEMA) data that combined daily surveys with ecological momentary assessment of global positioning systems (GPS) using geographic information systems (GIS) to allow for real-time data collection of participants' environments and behaviors.

Setting: Eight mid-sized California (USA) city areas.

Crash patterns in two Chinese secondary cities, with comparisons to crash patterns in the United States.

Evaluations of drink-driving crash interventions and crash burden in middle-income countries often rely on assumptions supported by data from the United States. We described crashes using pooled survey data across 2 Chinese agricultural cities in the 600,000 population range and then assessed comparability of selected crash characteristics to those in the United States. We conducted household interviews on drinking and related harms with representative samples of 1,500 people aged 18 and over in both Jiangshan and Lanxi, China.

Pathways of Nicotine Product Use: A Qualitative Study of Youth and Young Adults in California.

Introduction: Existing research on youth's adoption of alternative nicotine delivery systems (ANDS) has focused on identifying pathways of nicotine product use, specifically examining whether vaping encourages progression to smoking. Few studies have considered other pathways of initiation. Qualitative studies suggest that meanings of vaping vary significantly, suggestive of the need for a more nuanced understanding of the role of vaping for youth with different pathways into vaping and smoking.

Assessing Individuals' Exposure to Environmental Conditions Using Residence-based Measures, Activity Location-based Measures, and Activity Path-based Measures.

Background: Many approaches are available to researchers who wish to measure individuals' exposure to environmental conditions. Different approaches may yield different estimates of associations with health outcomes. Taking adolescents' exposure to alcohol outlets as an example, we aimed to (1) compare exposure measures and (2) assess whether exposure measures were differentially associated with alcohol consumption.

Youth perspectives on concurrent smoking and vaping: Implications for tobacco control.

Most people who smoke cigarettes begin young. Consequently, public health efforts directed at youth are a priority. The increasing popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among youth in the United States has raised concerns in the public health community about the potential of ENDS to renormalize cigarette smoking and perpetuate nicotine addiction, creating dual users who both vape and smoke.

Tobacco outlet density and adolescents' cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis.

Objective: We conducted meta-analyses of studies that investigated the associations between tobacco outlet density around homes and schools and adolescents' past-month cigarette smoking.

Data Sources: Systematic literature searches of eight databases were carried out in February 2017. Searches were not limited by date, language, country or peer-reviewed status.