Plasticity of salmonfly (Pteronarcys californica) respiratory phenotypes in response to changes in temperature and oxygen.

Like all taxa, populations of aquatic insects may respond to climate change by evolving new physiologies or behaviors, shifting their range, exhibiting physiological and behavioral plasticity, or going extinct. We evaluated the importance of plasticity by measuring changes in growth, survival and respiratory phenotypes of salmonfly nymphs (the stonefly Pteronarcys californica) in response to experimental combinations of dissolved oxygen and temperature. Overall, smaller individuals grew more rapidly during the 6-week experimental period, and oxygen and temperature interacted to affect growth in complex ways.

transcript levels largely explain cytoplasmic incompatibility variation across divergent .

Divergent hosts often associate with intracellular microbes that influence their fitness. Maternally transmitted bacteria are the most common of these endosymbionts, due largely to cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) that kills uninfected embryos fertilized by -infected males. Closely related infections in females rescue CI, providing a relative fitness advantage that drives to high frequencies.

Male Age and Dynamics: Investigating How Fast and Why Bacterial Densities and Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Strengths Vary.

Endosymbionts can influence host reproduction and fitness to favor their maternal transmission. For example, endosymbiotic bacteria often cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) that kills uninfected embryos fertilized by -modified sperm. Infected females can rescue CI, providing them a relative fitness advantage.